have little to do with mythology, and are analogous to the archangels of Christian and Jewish tradition and to the Amesha Spentas of Zoroastrianism.  With these latter they may have some historical connection, for Persian ideas may well have influenced Buddhism about the time of the Christian era.  However difficult it may be to prove the foreign origin of Bodhisattvas, few of them have a clear origin in India and all of them are much better known in Central Asia and China.  But they are represented with the appearance and attributes of Indian Devas, as is natural, since even in the Pali Canon Devas form the Buddha’s retinue.  The early Buddhists considered that these spirits, whether called Bodhisattvas or Devas, had attained their high position in the same way as Sakyamuni himself, that is by the practice of moral and intellectual virtues through countless existences, but subsequently they came to be regarded as emanations or sons of superhuman Buddhas.  Thus the Karanda-vyuha relates how the original Adi-Buddha produced Avalokita by meditation and how he in his turn produced the universe with its gods.

Millions of unnamed Bodhisattvas are freely mentioned and even in the older books copious lists of names are found,[16] but two, Avalokita and Manjusri, tower above the rest, among whom only few have a definite personality.  The tantric school counts eight of the first rank.  Maitreya (who does not stand on the same footing as the others), Samantabhadra, Mahasthana-prapta and above all Kshitigarbha, have some importance, especially in China and Japan.

Avalokita[17] in many forms and in many ages has been one of the principal deities of Asia but his origin is obscure.  His main attributes are plain.  He is the personification of divine mercy and pity but even the meaning of his name is doubtful.  In its full form it is Avalokitesvara, often rendered the Lord who looks down (from heaven).  This is an appropriate title for the God of Mercy, but the obvious meaning of the participle avalokita in Sanskrit is passive, the Lord who is looked at.  Kern[18] thinks it may mean the Lord who is everywhere visible as a very present help in trouble, or else the Lord of View, like the epithet Drishtiguru applied to Siva.  Another form of the name is Lokesvara or Lord of the world and this suggests that avalokita may be a synonym of loka, meaning the visible universe.  It has also been suggested that the name may refer to the small image of Amitabha which is set in his diadem and thus looks down on him.  But such small images set in the head of a larger figure are not distinctive of Avalokita:  they are found in other Buddhist statues and paintings and also outside India, for instance at Palmyra.  The Tibetan translation of the name[19] means he who sees with bright eyes.  Hsuean Chuang’s rendering Kwan-tzu-tsai[20] expresses the same idea, but the more usual Chinese translation Kuan-yin or Kuan-shih-yin, the deity who looks upon voices or the region of voices, seems to imply a verbal misunderstanding.  For the use of Yin or voice makes us suspect that the translator identified the last part of Avalokitesvara not with Isvara lord but with svara sound.[21]