his episcopate, was Archdeacon of Rochester, a very wise and energetic administrator.  He was now on the side of Rich, bent on defending his clergy from being over-ridden by the foreigners.  He exerted himself as bishop not only to repair the mischief done by the storm, but to enlarge and beautify the still unfinished structure.  Fourteen years later King Henry was offering devotion at the shrine of Rich, for he had been canonised, and that on the strength of his having resisted the King’s criminal folly in betraying the rights of his people; for by this time the nation was aroused.  The Londoners rose and burned the houses of the foreigners.  Bishop Roger, though he, of course, declared against the scenes of violence, let it be seen that he was determined, by constitutional methods, to defend his clergy from being plundered.  On his death, in 1241, there was a long vacancy, the King wanting one man and the canons determined on another, and they carried their man, Fulk Bassett, though he was not consecrated for three years.  Pope Innocent IV., in 1246, sent a demand of one-third of their income from the resident clergy, and half from non-resident.  Bishop Fulk indignantly called a council at St. Paul’s, which declared a refusal, and even the King supported him.  The remonstrance ended significantly with a call for a General Council.  But he was presently engaged in a more serious quarrel.  The King forced the monks of Canterbury, on the death of Edmund Rich, to elect the queen’s uncle, Boniface of Savoy, to the primacy.  He came and at once began to enrich himself, went “on visitation” through the country demanding money.  The Dean of St. Paul’s, Henry of Cornhill, shut the door in his face, Bishop Fulk approving.  The old Prior of the Monastery of St. Bartholomew, Smithfield, protested, and the Archbishop, who travelled with a cuirass under his pontifical robe, knocked him down with his fist.[2] Two canons, whom he forced into St. Paul’s chapter, were killed by the indignant populace.  The same year (1259) brave Bishop Fulk died of the plague.  For years the unholy exactions went on, and again and again one has records of meetings in St. Paul’s to resist them.

When Simon de Montfort rose up against the evil rule of Henry III. the Londoners met in folkmote, summoned by the great bell of St. Paul’s, and declared themselves on the side of the great patriot.  They are said to have tried to sink the queen’s barge when she was escaping from London to join the King at Windsor.

King Edward I. demanded a moiety of the clerical incomes for his war with Scotland.  The Dean of St. Paul’s (Montfort) rose to protest against the exaction, and fell dead as he was speaking.  Two years later, the King more imperiously demanded it, and Archbishop Winchelsey wrote to the Bishop of London (Gravesend) commanding him to summon the whole of the London clergy to St. Paul’s to protest, and to publish the famous Bull, “clericis laicos,” of Pope Boniface VIII., which forbade any emperor, king, or