with man in all his faculties, bodily, and mental.  Consider the matter in the abstract, and this conclusion is self-evident.  Thus:—­Society is made up of individuals; all that is done in society is done by the combined actions of individuals; and therefore, in individual actions only can be found the solutions of social phenomena.  But the actions of individuals depend on the laws of their natures; and their actions cannot be understood until these laws are understood.  These laws, however, when reduced to their simplest expressions, prove to be corollaries from the laws of body and mind in general.  Hence it follows, that biology and psychology are indispensable as interpreters of sociology.  Or, to state the conclusions still more simply:—­all social phenomena are phenomena of life—­are the most complex manifestations of life—­must conform to the laws of life—­and can be understood only when the laws of life are understood.  Thus, then, for the regulation of this fourth division of human activities, we are, as before, dependent on Science.  Of the knowledge commonly imparted in educational courses, very little is of service for guiding a man in his conduct as a citizen.  Only a small part of the history he reads is of practical value; and of this small part he is not prepared to make proper use.  He lacks not only the materials for, but the very conception of, descriptive sociology; and he also lacks those generalisations of the organic sciences, without which even descriptive sociology can give him but small aid.

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And now we come to that remaining division of human life which includes the relaxations and amusements filling leisure hours.  After considering what training best fits for self-preservation, for the obtainment of sustenance, for the discharge of parental duties, and for the regulation of social and political conduct; we have now to consider what training best fits for the miscellaneous ends not included in these—­for the enjoyment of Nature, of Literature, and of the Fine Arts, in all their forms.  Postponing them as we do to things that bear more vitally upon human welfare; and bringing everything, as we have, to the test of actual value; it will perhaps be inferred that we are inclined to slight these less essential things.  No greater mistake could be made, however.  We yield to none in the value we attach to aesthetic culture and its pleasures.  Without painting, sculpture, music, poetry, and the emotions produced by natural beauty of every kind, life would lose half its charm.  So far from regarding the training and gratification of the tastes as unimportant, we believe that in time to come they will occupy a much larger share of human life than now.  When the forces of Nature have been fully conquered to man’s use—­when the means of production have been brought to perfection—­when labour has been economised to the highest degree—­when education has been so systematised that a preparation for the more essential activities may be made with comparative rapidity—­and when, consequently, there is a great increase of spare time; then will the beautiful, both in Art and Nature, rightly fill a large space in the minds of all.