[Footnote 80:  See Christie’s Etienne Dolet, chapter 21.]

[Footnote 81:  Visitors to Milan must have been struck with the equestrian statue to the Podesta Oldrado da Trezzeno in the Piazza de’Mercanti.  Underneath it runs an epitaph containing among the praises of this man:  Catharos ut debuit uxit.  An Archbishop of Milan of the same period (middle of the thirteenth century), Enrico di Settala, is also praised upon his epitaph because jugulavit haereses.  See Cantu, Gli Eretici d Italia, vol. i. p. 108.]

The revival of the Holy Office on a new and far more murderous basis, took place in 1484.  We have seen that hitherto there had been two types of inquisition into heresy.  The first, which remained in force up to the year 1203, may be called the episcopal.  The second was the Apostolical or Dominican:  it transferred this jurisdiction from the bishops to the Papacy, who employed the order of S. Dominic for the special service of the tribunal instituted by the Imperial decrees of Frederick II.  The third deserves no other name than Spanish, though, after it had taken shape in Spain, it was transferred to Portugal, applied in all the Spanish and Portuguese colonies, and communicated with some modifications to Italy and the Netherlands.[82] Both the second and third types of Inquisition into heresy were Spanish inventions, patented by the Roman Pontiffs and monopolized by the Dominican order.  But the third and final form of the Holy Office in Spain distinguished itself by emancipation from Papal and Royal control, and by a specific organization which rendered it the most formidable of irresponsible engines in the annals of religious institutions.

[Footnote 82:  Sarpi estimates the number of victims in the Netherlands during the reign of Charles V. at 50,000; Grotius at 100,000.  In the reign of Philip II. perhaps another 25,000 were sacrificed.  Motley (Rise of the Dutch Republic, vol. ii. p. 155) tells how in February 1568 a sentence of the Holy Office, confirmed by royal proclamation, condemned all the inhabitants of the Netherlands, some three millions of souls, with a few specially excepted persons, to death.  It was customary to burn the men and bury the women alive.  In considering this institution as a whole, we must bear in mind that it was extended to Mexico, Lima, Carthagena, the Indies, Sicily, Sardinia, Oran, Malta.  Of the working of the Holy Office in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies we possess but few authentic records.  The Histoire des Inquisitions of Joseph Lavallee (Paris, 1809) may, however, be consulted.  In vol. ii. pp. 5-9 of this work there is a brief account of the Inquisition at Goa written by one Pyrard; and pp. 45-157 extend the singularly detailed narrative of a Frenchman, Dellon, imprisoned in its dungeons.  Some curious circumstances respecting delation, prison life, and autos da fe are here minutely recorded.]