O ye mighty and strange, ye ancient divine ones of Hellas! 
    Are ye Christian too?  To convert and redeem and renew you,
    Will the brief form have sufficed, that a Pope has sat up on the apex
    Of the Egyptian stone that o’ertops you, the Christian symbol? 
    And ye, silent, supreme in serene and victorious marble,
    Ye that encircle the walls of the stately Vatican chambers,
    Are ye also baptized; are ye of the Kingdom of Heaven? 
    Utter, O some one, the word that shall reconcile Ancient and Modern.

[Footnote 71:  See Giov.  Gritti, op. cit. p. 333.]

Nothing was more absent from the mind of Sixtus than any attempt to reconcile Ancient and Modern.  He was bent on proclaiming the ultimate triumph of Catholicism, not only over antiquity, but also over the Renaissance.  His inscriptions, crosses, and images of saints are the enduring badges of serfdom set upon the monuments of ancient and renascent Italy, bearing which they were permitted by the now absolute Pontiff to remain as testimonies to his power.

Retrenchment alone could not have sufficed for the accumulation of so much idle capital, and for so extensive an expenditure on works of public utility.  Sixtus therefore had recourse to new taxation, new loans, and the creation of new offices for sale.  The Venetian envoy mentions eighteen imposts levied in his reign; a sum of 600,000 crowns accruing to the Camera by the sale of places; and extensive loans, or Monti, which were principally financed by the Genoese.[72] It was necessary for the Papacy, now that it had relinquished the larger part of its revenues derived from Europe, to live upon the proceeds of the Papal States.  The complicated financial expedients on which successive Popes relied for developing their exchequer, have been elaborately explained by Ranke.[73] They were materially assisted in their efforts to support the Papal dignity upon the resources of their realm, by the new system of nepotism which now began to prevail.  Since the Council of Trent, it was impossible for a Pope to acknowledge his sons, and few, if any, of the Popes after Pius IV. had sons to acknowledge.[74]

[Footnote 72:  Giov.  Gritti, op. cit. p. 337.]

[Footnote 73:  History of the Popes, Book iv. section I.]

[Footnote 74:  Giacomo Buoncompagno was born while Gregory XIII. was still a layman and a lawyer.]

The tendencies of the Church rendered it also incompatible with the Papal position that near relatives of the Pontiff should be advanced, as formerly, to the dignity of independent princes.  The custom was to create one nephew Cardinal, with such wealth derived from office as should enable him to benefit the Papal family at large.  Another nephew was usually ennobled, endowed with capital in the public funds for the purchase of lands, and provided with lucrative places in the secular administration.  He then married into