[Footnote 25:  New men—­and Popes were always novi homines—­are compelled to take this course, and suffer when they take it.  We might compare their difficulties with those which hampered Napoleon when he aspired to the Imperial tyranny over French conquests in Europe.]

With that view he raised one of his nephews, Carlo, to the Cardinalate, and bestowed on two others the principal fiefs of the Colonna family.  The Colonnas were by tradition Ghibelline.  This sufficed for depriving them of Palliano and Montebello.  Carlo Caraffa, who obtained the scarlet, had lived a disreputable life which notoriously unfitted him for any ecclesiastical dignity.  In the days of Sixtus and Alexander this would have been no bar to his promotion.  But the Church was rapidly undergoing a change; and Carlo, complying with the hypocritical spirit of his age, found it convenient to affect a thorough reformation, and to make open show of penitence.  Rome now presented the singular spectacle of an inquisitorial Pope, unimpeachable in moral conduct and zealous for Church reform, surrounded by nephews who were little better than Borgias.  The Caraffas began to dream of principalities and scepters.  It was their ambition to lay hold on Florence, where Cosimo de’Medici, as a pronounced ally of Spain, had gained the bitter hatred of their uncle.  But their various misdoings, acts of violence and oppression, avarice and sensuality, gradually reached the ears of the Pope.  In an assembly of the Inquisition, held in January 1559, he cried aloud, ’Reform! reform! reform!’ Cardinal Pacheco, a determined foe of the Caraffeschi, raised his voice, and said, ’Holy Father! reform must first begin with us.’  Pallavicini adds the remark that Paul understood well who was meant by us.  He immediately retired to his apartments, instituted a searching inquiry into the conduct of his nephews, and, before the month was out, deprived them of all their offices and honors, and banished them from Rome.  He would not hear a word in their defence; and when Cardinal Farnese endeavored to procure a mitigation of their sentence, he brutally replied, ’If Paul III. had shown the same justice, your father would not have been murdered and mutilated in the streets of Piacenza.’  In open consistory, before the Cardinals and high officials of his realm, with tears streaming from his eyes, he exposed the evil life of his relatives, declared his abhorrence of them, and protested that he had dwelt in perfect ignorance of their crimes until that time.  This scene recalls a similar occasion, when Alexander VI. bewailed himself aloud before his Cardinals after the murder of the Duke of Gandia by Cesare.  But Alexander’s repentance was momentary; his grief was that of a father for Absalom; his indignation gave way to paternal weakness for the fratricide.  Paul, though his love for his relatives seems to have been fervent, never relaxed his first severity against them.  They were buried in oblivion; no one uttered their names in the Pope’s presence.  The whole secular administration of the Papal States was changed; not an official kept his place.  For the first time Rome was governed by ministers in no way related to the Holy Father.