Great preparations, meanwhile, were being made in Bologna.  The misery and destitution of the country rendered money scarce, and cast a gloom over the people.  It was noticed that when Clement entered the city on October 24, none of the common folk responded to the shouts of his attendants, Viva Papa Clemente!  The Pope and his Court, too, were in mourning.  They had but recently escaped from the horrors of the Sack of Rome, and were under a vow to wear their beards unshorn in memory of their past sufferings.  Yet the municipality and nobles of Bologna exerted their utmost in these bad times to render the reception of the Emperor worthy of the luster which his residence and coronation would confer upon them.  Gallant guests began to flock into the city.  Among these may be mentioned the brilliant Isabella d’Este, sister of Duke Alfonso, and mother of the reigning Marquis of Mantua.  She arrived on November 1 with a glittering train of beautiful women, and took up her residence in the Palazzo Manzoli.  Her quarters obtained no good fame in the following months; for the ladies of her suite were liberal of favors.  Jousts, masquerades, street-brawls, and duels were of frequent occurrence beneath her windows—­Spaniards and Italians disputing the honor of those light amours.  On November 3 came Andrea Doria with his relative, the Cardinal Girolamo of that name.  About the same time, Cardinal Lorenzo Campeggi, Bishop of Bologna, returned from his legation to England, where (as students of our history are well aware) he had been engaged upon the question of Henry VIII.’s divorce from Katharine of Aragon.  Next day Charles arrived outside the gate, and took up his quarters in the rich convent of Certosa, which now forms the Campo Santo.

He was surrounded by a multitude of ambassadors and delegates from the Bolognese magistracy, by Cardinals and ecclesiastics of all ranks, some of whom had attended him from the frontier, while others were drawn up to receive him.  November 5 was a Friday, and this day was reckoned lucky by Charles.  He therefore passed the night of the 4th at the Certosa, and on the following morning made his solemn entry into the city.  A bodyguard of Germans, Burgundians, Spaniards, halberdiers, lansknechts, men at arms, and cannoneers, preceded him.  High above these was borne the captain-general of the imperial force in Italy, the fierce and cruel Antonio de Leyva, under whose oppression Milan had been groaning.  This ruthless tyrant was a martyr to gout and rheumatism.  He could not ride or walk; and though he retained the whole vigor of his intellect and will, it was with difficulty that he moved his hands or head.  He advanced in a litter of purple velvet, supported on the shoulders of his slaves.  Among the splendid crowd of Spanish grandees who followed the troops, it is enough to mention the Grand Marshal, Don Alvaro Osorio, Marquis of Astorga, who carried a naked sword aloft.  He was armed, on horseback; and his mantle of cloth of