As regards the missionaries, a crusade was organized by some of these worthies, who had themselves married Kaffir women, and who spared no effort and showed no scruple in blackening the name of colonist.

The views and interests of the colonists and of these men were so different that concord was hardly possible.  The missionaries desired that the blacks should be collected together in villages:  the colonists were unwilling that they should be thus withdrawn from service.  ’Teach them the first step in civilization, to labour honestly for their maintenance, and add to that oral instruction in the doctrines of Christianity,’ said the colonists.  ’Why should they be debarred from learning to read and write?  And as there can only be schools if they are brought together in villages, why should they not be collected together?’ replied the missionaries.

Then came another and a larger question.  By whom should the waste places of the land, the vast areas which were without other occupants than a few roving Bushmen, be peopled?  ‘By the white man,’ said the colonists; ’it is to the advantage of the world in all time to come that the higher race should expand and be dominant here; it would be treason to humanity to prevent its growth where it can grow without wrong to others, or to plant an inferior stock where the superior can take root and flourish.’  ‘By Africans,’ said the missionaries; ’this is African soil; and if mission stations are established on its desolate tracts, people will be drawn to them from the far interior, the community will grow rapidly, those enlightened by Christianity here will desire in their turn to enlighten their friends beyond, and thus the Gospel teaching will spread until all Africa stretches out its hands to God.’  Coupled with such arguments, which were constantly used by missionaries in the early part of this century, before their enthusiasm was cooled by experience, were calculations that appealed strongly to the commercial instincts of people in England.  A dozen colonial farmers required something like a hundred square miles of land for their cattle runs; on this same ground, under missionary supervision, three or four hundred families of blacks could exist; these blacks would shortly need large quantities of manufactured goods; and thus it would be to the interest of trade to encourage them rather than the colonists.  ‘Already,’ said they, ’after only a few years’ training, many blacks can read as well or better than the ordinary colonists, and are exhibiting a decided taste for civilization.’

There was thus a broad line of demarcation between the colonists and such of the missionaries as held these views, and the tendency on each side was to make it still broader.  It was deepened into positive antipathy towards those missionaries who, following Dr. Vanderkemp’s example, united themselves in marriage with black women, and proclaimed themselves the champions of the black population against the