But although the teachings of embryology have failed to realize the great hopes that were placed upon them, their assistance in the formulation of this history of the machine has been of extreme value.  Many a bit of obscurity has been cleared up when the embryology of puzzling animals has been studied.  Many a relationship has been made clear, and this is simply another way of saying that a portion of this history of life has been read.  This aid of embryology has been particularly valuable in just that part of the history where the evidence from the study of fossils is wanting.  The study of fossils, as we have seen, gives little or no data concerning the early history of living machines; and it is just here that embryology has proved to be of the most value.  It is a source of evidence that has told us of most of the steps in the progress from the single-celled animal to the multicellular organisms, and gives us the clearest idea of the fundamental principles which have been concerned in the evolution of life and the construction of the complicated machine out of the simple bit of protoplasm.  In spite of its limits, therefore, embryology has contributed a large quota of the evidence which we have of the evolution of life.

==Anatomical.==—­A third source of this history is obtained from the facts of comparative anatomy.  The essential feature of this subject is the fact that animals and plants show relationships.  This fact is one of the most patent and yet one of the most suggestive facts of biology.  It has been recognized from the very beginning of the study of animals and plants.  One cannot be even the most superficial observer without seeing that certain forms show great likeness to each other while others are much more unlike.  The grouping of animals and plants into orders, genera, and species is dependent upon this relationship.  If two forms are alike in everything except some slight detail, they are commonly placed in the same genus but in different species, while if they show a greater unlikeness they may be placed in separate genera.  By thus grouping together forms according to their resemblance the animal and vegetable kingdoms are classified into groups subordinate to groups.  The principle of relationship, i.e., fundamental similarity of structure, runs through the whole animal and vegetable kingdom.  Even the animals most unlike each other show certain points of similarity which indicates a relationship, although of course a distant one.

The fact of such a relationship is too patent to demand more words, but its significance needs to be pointed out.  When we speak of relationship among men we always mean historical connection.  Two brothers are closely related because they have sprung from common parents, while two cousins are less closely related because their common point of origin was farther back in time.  More widely we speak of the relationship of the Indo-European races, meaning thereby that back