* * * * *

[Footnote 109:  The quotations from Wagner are taken from his letters to Roeckel, Uhlig, and Liszt, between 1851 and 1856.]

Do you know the amusing account Tolstoy gave of a performance of Siegfried?  I will quote it from his book, What is Art?—­

“When I arrived, an actor in tight-fitting breeches was seated before an object that was meant to represent an anvil.  He wore a wig and false beard; his white and manicured hands had nothing of the workman about them; and his easy air, prominent belly, and flabby muscles readily betrayed the actor.  With an absurd hammer he struck—­as no one else would ever strike—­a fantastic-looking sword-blade.  One guessed he was a dwarf, because when he walked he bent his legs at the knees.  He cried out a great deal, and opened his mouth in a queer fashion.  The orchestra also emitted peculiar noises like several beginnings that had nothing to do with one another.  Then another actor appeared with a horn in his belt, leading a man dressed up as a bear, who walked on all-fours.  He let loose the bear on the dwarf, who ran away, but forgot to bend his knees this time.  The actor with the human face represented the hero, Siegfried.  He cried out for a long time, and the dwarf replied in the same way.  Then a traveller arrived—­the god Wotan.  He had a wig, too; and, settling himself down with his spear, in a silly attitude, he told Mimi all about things he already knew, but of which the audience was ignorant.  Then Siegfried seized some bits that were supposed to represent pieces of a sword, and sang: 

’Heaho, heaho, hoho!  Hoho, hoho, hoho, hoho!  Hoheo, haho, haheo, hoho!’ And that was the end of the first act.  It was all so artificial and stupid that I had great difficulty in sitting it out.  But my friends begged me to stay, and assured me that the second act would be better.

“The next scene represented a forest.  Wotan was waking up the dragon.  At first the dragon said, ‘I want to go to sleep’; but eventually he came out of his grotto.  The dragon was represented by two men clothed in a green skin with some scales stuck about it.  At one end of the skin they wagged a tail, and at the other end they opened a crocodile’s mouth, out of which came fire.  The dragon, which ought to have been a frightful beast—­and perhaps he would have frightened children about five years old—­said a few words in a bass voice.  It was so childish and feeble that one was astonished to see grown-up people present; even thousands of so-called cultured people looked on and listened attentively, and went into raptures.  Then Siegfried arrived with his horn.  He lay down during a pause, which is reputed to be very beautiful; and sometimes he talked to himself, and sometimes he was quite silent.  He wanted to imitate the song of the birds, and cut a rush with his horn, and made a flute out of it.  But he played