about four or five hours of lectures.  A little after 3 in the afternoon he comes home to his mess, and between 3 and 5 is usually seen lounging about his room, dead tired but often engaged in discussion with his room-mates or devouring the newspaper, which is his only form of recreation and his only bit of excitement.  At 5 he will go out for a short stroll down College-street or around College-square.  This is his one piece of exercise, if such you can call it.  At dusk he returns to his ill-lighted, stuffy room and continues his work, keeping it up, with a short interval for his evening meal, until he goes to bed, the hour of bed-time depending upon the proximity of his examination.  A very large percentage when they actually sit for their examinations are nothing short of physical wrecks.

Dr. Williams proceeds to quote Dr. Mullick, an eminent Hindu physician who has devoted himself to helping young students:—­

The places where the students live huddled up together are most hurtful to their constitutions.  The houses are dirty, dingy, ill-ventilated, and crowded.  Even in case of infectious sickness ... they lie in the same place as others, some of whom they actually infect.  Phthisis is getting alarmingly common among students owing to the sputum of infected persons being allowed to float about with the dust in crowded messes....  Most of them live in private messes where a hired cook and single servant have complete charge of his food and house-keeping, and things are stolen, foodstuffs are adulterated, badly cooked and badly served.

Dr. Williams, who states emphatically that “it is not exaggeration to say that the student is often half-starved,” goes on to deal with the moral drawbacks of a life which is under no effective supervision and is not even under the restraints, implied in the term “good form,” that play so important a part in Universities where there is a real collegiate life.

When you segregate your young men by thousands in the heart of this “city of dreadful night,” amid conditions of life which are most antagonistic to moral and physical well-being... the result is a foregone conclusion, and it does not only mean physical degeneration, it also means moral degeneration, and it becomes a most potent predisposing factor in political disease.  Of that there can be no shadow of doubt.

The material conditions are not, it is true, nearly so bad in many other parts of India as they are in Bengal, and especially in Calcutta (though the Bengalees claim the intellectual primacy of India), and it is on the moral and physical evils produced by those conditions that Dr. Garfield Williams chiefly dwells.  But the intellectual evils for all but a small minority are in their way quite as grave, and they are inherent to the system.  Take the case of a boy brought up until he is old enough to go to school in some small town of the mofussil, anywhere in India,