have to be done for the attainment of Swaraj.  Positive work will have to be done.  Without positive training no self-government will come to the boycotter.  It will (come) through the organization of our village life; of our talukas and districts.  Let our programme include the setting up of machinery for popular administration, and running parallel to, but independent of, the existing administration of the Government....  In the Providence of God we shall then be made rulers over many things.  This is our programme.

But Mr. Pal himself admits that even if this programme can be fulfilled, this Swaraj, this absolute self-rule which he asks for, is fundamentally incompatible with the maintenance of the British connexion.

Is really self-government within the Empire a practicable ideal?  What would it mean?  It would mean either no real self-government for us or no real overlordship for England.  Would we be satisfied with the shadow of self-government?  If not, would England be satisfied with the shadow of overlordship?  In either case England would not be satisfied with a shadowy overlordship, and we refuse to be satisfied with a shadowy self-government.  And therefore no compromise is possible under such conditions between self-government in India and the overlordship of England.  If self-government is conceded to us, what would be England’s position not only in India, but in the British Empire itself?  Self-government means the right of self-taxation; it means the right of financial control; it means the right of the people to impose protective and prohibitive tariffs on foreign imports.  The moment we have the right of self-taxation, what shall we do?  We shall not try to be engaged in this uphill work of industrial boycott.  But we shall do what every nation has done.  Under the circumstances in which we live now, we shall impose a heavy prohibitive protective tariff upon every inch of textile fabric from Manchester, upon every blade of knife that comes from Leeds.  We shall refuse to grant admittance to a British soul into our territory.  We would not allow British capital to be engaged in the development of Indian resources, as it is now engaged.  We would not grant any right to British capitalists to dig up the mineral wealth of the land and carry it to their own isles.  We shall want foreign capital.  But we shall apply for foreign loans in the open market of the whole world, guaranteeing the credit of the Indian Government, the Indian nation, for the repayment of the loan, just as America has done and is doing, just as Russia is doing now, just as Japan has been doing of late.  And England’s commercial interests would not be furthered in the way these are being furthered now, under the conditions of popular self-government, though it might be within the Empire.  But what would it mean within the Empire?  It would mean that England would have to enter into some arrangement with us for some preferential tariff.  England