[19] In the German State forests, the timber, when cut down, is frequently not transported by road, but is made to slide down the mountain-sides by timber-shoots into the streams or rivers; it is then made up into rafts, and so floated down to its destination.

[20] Jussieu’s natural system of botany may possibly be here alluded to.  The celebrated “Genera Plantarum” appeared in 1798, and Froebel was at Jena in 1799.  On the other hand, A.J.G.  Batsch, Froebel’s teacher, professor at the university since 1789, had published in 1787-8 his “Anleitung zur Kentniss und Geschichte der Pflanzen,” 2 vols.  We have not seen this work.  Batsch also published an “Introduction to the Study of Natural History,” which reached a second edition in 1805.

[21] In justice to Froebel and his teacher, it must be remembered that the theory of evolution was not as yet formed, and that those who dimly sought after some explanation of the uniformity of the vertebrate plan, which they observed, were but all too likely to be led astray.

[22] The text (Lange, Berlin, 1862) says meinen aeltesten Bruder, that is, “of my eldest brother;” but this is quite an error, whether of Froebel or of Herr Lange we cannot at present say.  As we have already said in a footnote on p. 3, August was the eldest brother of Friedrich, and Christoph was the eldest then living.  Traugott, who was at Jena with Friedrich, was his next older brother, youngest of the first family, except only Friedrich himself.  It is Traugott who is meant in this passage.

[23] “In carcer;” that is, in the prison of the university, where in the last resort students who fail to comply with university regulations are confined.  The “carcer” still exists in German universities.  It has of course nothing to do with the ordinary prison of the town.

[24] The Prince-Bishop of Bamberg shared in the general Napoleonic earthquake.  The domain of the bishopric went to Bavaria ultimately, the title alone remaining to the Church.

[25] Shared the fate of the Bamberg possessions, and of many other principalities and small domains at that time existent; namely, absorption under the Napoleonic regime into the neighbouring States.  This went to Bavaria; see the text, later on.

[26] Bruno, or the Over-Soul.

[27] “General Intelligencer of the German people.”

[28] Upper Palatinate, a province in the north of Bavaria.

[29] Herr Von Dewitz, his employer.

[30] The Paedagogium in Halle answered somewhat to our grammar schools with a mixture of boarders and day-scholars.  It was founded by Francke in 1712, after the ideas of the famous Basedow, and was endowed by means of a public subscription.

[31] These were two pamphlets by the famous patriot and poet Ernst Moritz Arndt (1769-1860), published in 1805.

[32] That is, Froebel realised the distinction of the subject-world from the object-world.