announced before the subject—­that is, what purports to be the answer occurs a fifth instead of a fourth below; then what purports to be the subject is re-announced one tone above its first statement, and answered, as before, a fifth below.  Then the melody of Beckmesser’s grotesque is brought in and treated contrapuntally, with what theorists call free imitation in the accompaniment.  Fugue, real or tonal, there is none.

V

This midsummer night’s orgy over, we next have midsummer day.  The curtain rises; the early morning sun shines through the windows of Sachs’ house; Sachs sits there, a book on his knees, but dreaming, not reading.  But before the rising of the curtain there is a prelude to tell us of his musings.  When we know the opera this piece is easy enough to follow.  He thinks over the events of the past night, and passes through thought into dream, getting clean away from earth into a serener air—­and coming slowly back to earth again.  Structurally this piece is on the same plan as others of the preludes—­that of the third act of Tannhaeuser, for example.  It is nonsense to say the piece is meaningless because it cannot be fully grasped at a first hearing:  I have already spoken of the fallacy involved in that contention—­the fallacy that a work of art should be completely comprehensible at a first hearing.  It is equally nonsensical to decry the “literary” method of composition:  that method was the method of at least two others of the great composers, Haydn and Beethoven, who “worked to a story.”  In fact, all these unreasonable reasoners who tell us these fine incontrovertible pieces of absurdity place themselves on the same level as the pundits who pointed out that because Wagner used the piano when composing, therefore he could not compose—­forgetting Haydn’s explicit statement that he always composed at the piano; forgetting how Mozart spent hours and days at the piano in doing the creative work of a new opera; forgetting that Beethoven used the piano even when he could no longer hear it (see Schindler’s or Ries’ account of the composition of the “Appassionata” sonata).  As a mere piece of music, a succession of tones and combinations of tones, the rare quality of this prelude cannot but be felt; and though we may not at once grasp its full significance, no one can miss the sequence of the emotions expressed—­the grave reflection of the opening, the hymn-like succeeding passage, the gradual mounting of the music into a beauteous, calm morning air, some realm of ecstatic peace far above the clouds, the gradual return to the mood of the opening.  When we do know what it is all about the expression of the different stages of feeling is felt to be more precise—­that is all.