square, and the walls, which showed no evidence of blocks or bricks, varied in thickness from fifteen inches at the base to seven inches at the top of the highest.  At some places large stones were built into the walls; in another wall wooden posts and horizontal sticks or laths were found.  The surface of the walls, which were protected against the weather, was smooth and even, and the interior walls showed seven or eight coatings of plaster.  The floors, where they could be examined, were smoothly cemented and so hard as to effectively resist the spade.  The pine poles which formed the roof were smooth, but not squared; they were three to four inches in diameter; and some of them were twenty-four feet long.  According to all appearances, they had been hewn with a blunt instrument, as they were more hacked than cut.  Many of them were nicely rounded off at the ends, and several inches from the ends a groove was cut all around the pole.

In the centre of the back rooms of the ground floor there was usually a pine pole, about ten inches in diameter, set up like a rude pillar.  Resting on this and the side walls of the rooms in a slight curve was a similar pole, also rounded, and running parallel to the front of the houses; and crossing it from the front to the rear walls were laid similar poles or rafters about four inches in diameter.  The ends of these were set directly into the walls, and covering them was a roofing of mud, some three inches thick, hard, and on the upper surface smooth.  The second story, where it had not caved in, was covered in the same manner.  None of the lower story rooms had an outlet to the apartments above, and the evidence tended to prove that the second story houses were reached from the bottom of the cave over the roofs of the front row of houses by means of ladders.

Most of the rooms were well supplied with apertures of the usual conventional form; sometimes there were as many as three in one room, each one large enough to serve as a door.  But there were also several small circular openings, which to civilised man might appear to have served as exits for the smoke; but to the Indian the house, as everything else, is alive, and must have openings through which it can draw breath, as otherwise it would be choked.  These holes were three or four inches in diameter, and many of them were blocked up and plastered over.  A large number of what seemed to have been doorways were also found to be blocked up, no doubt from some ulterior religious reason.

A peculiar feature of the architecture was a hall not less than forty feet long, and from floor to rafters seven feet high.  Six beams were used in the roof, laid between the north and south walls.  There were rafters of two different lengths, being set in an angle of about ten degrees to each other.  The west wall contained twelve pockets, doubtless the cavities in which the rafters had rested.  They were, on an average, three inches in diameter, and ran in some six inches, slanting downward in the interior.  The east wall was found to contain upright poles and horizontal slats, forming a framework for the building material.  The interior was bare, with the exception of a ledge running along the southern side and made from the same material as the house walls.  It was squared up in front and formed a convenient settee.