characteristics, the pueblos in the Southwest, and, for that matter, the houses we excavated from the mounds.  The only features that distinguish these from either of the other structures are the immense thickness of the walls, which reaches as much as five feet, and the great height of the buildings.  The material, too, is different, consisting of enormous bricks made of mud mixed with coarse gravel, and formed in baskets or boxes.

A striking fact is that the houses apparently are not arranged in accordance with any laid-out plan or regularity.  Nevertheless they looked extremely picturesque, viewed from the east as the sun was setting.  I camped for a few days on top of the highest mound, between the ruined walls.

No circular building, nor any trace of a place of worship, could be found.  The Mexicans, some of whom have nestled on the eastern part of the ruins, have from time to time come upon beautiful jars and bowls, which they sold to relic hunters or used themselves.  Such pottery is far superior in quality and decoration to anything now made in Mexico.  The ancient metates of Casas Grandes, which are much appreciated by the present inhabitants of the valley, are decidedly the finest I have ever seen.  They are square in shape, resting on four legs, and well finished.  There have also been taken out some stone axes and arrowheads, which are much like those found in the Southwest of the United States.

Some years ago a large meteorite was unearthed in a small room on the first floor of one of the highest of the buildings.  When discovered it was found carefully put away and covered with cotton wrappings.  No doubt it once had served some religious purpose.  On account of its glittering appearance, the Mexicans thought it was silver, and everybody wanted to get a piece of it.  But it was taken to Chihuahua, and the gentleman who sent it to Germany told me that it weighed 2,000 pounds.

There are still traces of well-constructed irrigation ditches to be seen approaching the ruins from the northwest.  There are also several artificial accumulations of stones three to fifteen feet high and of various shapes.  One of them has the form of a Latin cross measuring nineteen feet along its greatest extent.  Others are rectangular, and still others circular.  About three miles off, toward the west, are found pictures pecked on large stones, one representing a bird, another one the sun.

An interesting relic of the population that once prospered in Casas Grandes Valley is a watch tower, plainly visible on a mountain to the southwest, and about five miles, in a straight line, from the ruins.  Well-defined tracks lead up to it from all directions, especially from the east and west.  On the western side three such trails were noticed, and several join at the lower part of the ridge, which runs southward and culminates in the promontory on which the watch tower stands 1,500 feet above the plains.