30.  Brut’tium is the modern Cala’bria, and received that name when the ancient province was wrested from the empire.  It included the tongue of land from the river Laeus to the southern extremity of Italy at Rhe’gium.  The mountains of the interior were inhabited by the Bruta’tes or Brut’tii, a semi-barbarous tribe, at first subject to the Sibarites, and afterwards to the Lucanians.  In a late age they asserted their independence, and maintained a vigorous resistance to the Romans.  As the Brut’tii used the Oscan language, they must have been of the Ausonian race.  The chief towns were the Greek settlements on the coast, Consen’tia, Cosenza; Pando’sia, Cirenza; Croto’na, Mame’rtum, Petil’ia, and Rhe’gium, Reggio.

31.  Apu’lia extended along the eastern coast from the river Fren’to, to the eastern tongue of land which forms the foot of the boot, to which Italy has been compared.  It was a very fruitful plain, without fortresses or harbours, and was particularly adapted to grazing cattle.  It was divided by the river Au’fidus, Ofanto, into Apu’lia Dau’nia, and Apu’lia Peuce’tia, or pine-bearing Apu’lia.  The chief towns were, in Dau’nia, Sipon’tum and Luce’ria:  in Peuce’tia, Ba’rium, Can’nae, and Venu’sia.

32.  Cala’bria, or Messa’pia, is the eastern tongue of land which terminates at Cape Japy’gium, Santa Maria; it was almost wholly occupied by Grecian colonies.  The chief towns were Brundu’sium, Brindisi:  Callipolis, Gallipoli:  and Taren’tum.

33.  The islands of Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia, which are now reckoned as appertaining to Italy, were by the Romans considered separate provinces.

Questions for Examination.

1.  How is Italy situated?

2.  By what names was the country known to the ancients?

3.  How is Italy bounded on the north?

4.  What districts were in northern Italy?

5.  What was the extent of Liguria, and the character of its inhabitants?

6.  How was Cisalpine Gaul divided?

7.  By whom was Cisalpine Gaul inhabited?

8.  Why was it called Togata?

9.  What are the principal rivers in northern Italy?

10.  What are the chief cities in Cisalpine Gaul?

11.  When did the Romans subdue this district?

12.  Did the Venetians resist the Roman power?

13.  What are the chief divisions of central Italy?

14.  How is Etruria situated?

15.  By what people was Etruria colonized?

16.  What were the Tuscan cities?

17.  How were the cities ruled?

18.  What was the general form of Tuscan government?

19.  For what were the Tuscans remarkable?

20.  What was the geographical situation of Latium?

21.  What were the chief towns in Latium?

22.  What towns and people were in Campania?

23.  For what is the soil of Campania remarkable?