17.  Each of these cities was ruled by a chief magistrate called lu’cumo, chosen for life; he possessed regal power, and is frequently called a king by the Roman historians.  In enterprises undertaken by the whole body, the supreme command was committed to one of the twelve lucumones, and he received a lictor from each city.  But from the time that Roman history begins to assume a regular form, the Tuscan cities stand isolated, uniting only transiently and casually; we do not, however, find any traces of intestine wars between the several states.

18.  The Etrurian form of government was aristocratical, and the condition of the people appears to have been miserable in the extreme; they were treated as slaves destitute of political rights, and compelled to labour solely for the benefit of their taskmasters.  A revolution at a late period took place at Volsin’ii, and the exclusive privileges of the nobility abolished after a fierce and bloody struggle; it is remarkable that this town, in which the people had obtained their rights, alone made an obstinate resistance to the Romans.

19.  The progress of the Tuscans in the fine arts is attested by the monuments that still remain; but of their literature we know nothing; their language is unknown, and their books have perished.  In the first ages of the Roman republic, the children of the nobility were sent to Etru’ria for education, especially in divination and the art of soothsaying, in which the Tuscans were supposed to excel.  The form of the Roman constitution, the religious ceremonies, and the ensigns of civil government, were borrowed from the Etrurians.

20.  La’tium originally extended along the coast from the Tiber to the promontory of Circe’ii; hence that district was called, old La’tium; the part subsequently added, called new La’tium, extended from Circeii to the Li’ris, Garigliano.  The people were called Latins; but eastward, towards the Apennines, were the tribes of the Her’nici, the AE’qui, the Mar’si, and the Sabines; and on the south were the Vols’ci, Ru’tuli, and Aurun’ci.  The chief rivers in this country were the A’nio, Teverone; and Al’lia, which fall into the Tiber; and the Liris, Garigliano; which flows directly into the Mediterranean.

21.  The chief cities in old Latium were ROME; Ti’bur, Tivoli; Tus’culum, Frescati; Al’ba Lon’ga, of which no trace remains; Lavin’ium; An’tium; Ga’bii; and Os’tia, Civita Vecchia; the chief towns in new Latium were Fun’di, Anx’ur or Terraci’na, Ar’pinum, Mintur’nae, and For’miae.

22.  CAMPA’NIA included the fertile volcanic plains that lie between the Liris on the north, and the Si’lanus, Selo, on the south; the other most remarkable river was the Voltur’nus, Volturno.  The chief cities were, Ca’pua the capital, Linter’num, Cu’mae, Neapo’lis, Naples; Hercula’neum, Pompe’ii, Surren’tum, Saler’num, &c.  The original