7.  Britan’nia, divided into Britan’nia Roma’na, which contained England and the south of Scotland; and Britannia Bar’bara or Caledo’nia, the northern part of Scotland, into which the Romans never penetrated.  Britain was first invaded by Julius Caesar, but was not wholly subdued before the time of Nero.  As for Hiber’nia or Ier’ne, Ireland, it was visited by Roman merchants, but never by Roman legions.

8.  The countries south of the Danube, were subdued and divided into provinces during the reign of Augustus.  The number of these provinces was seven:  1.  Vindeli’cia, bounded on the north by the Danube; on the east by the AE’nus, Inn; on the west by Helve’tia, and on the south by Rhae’tia:  2.  Rhaetia, lying between Helve’tia, Vindeli’cia, and the eastern chain of the Alps:  3.  Novi’cum, bounded on the north by the Danube, on the west by the AE’nus, Inn, on the east by mount Ce’tius Kahlenberg, and on the south by the Julian Alps and the Sa’vus, Save:  4.  Panno’nia Superior, having as boundaries, the Danube on the north and east; the Ar’rabo, Raab, on the south; and the Cetian mountains on the west:  5.  Panno’nia Inferior, having the Ar’rabo on the north; the Ar’rabo on the east; and the Sa’vus on the south:  6.  Moe’sia Superior, bounded on the north by the Danube, on the south by Mount Scar’dus. Tihar-dag; on the west by the Pan’nonia, and on the east by the river Ce’brus, Isker:  7.  Moe’sia Inferior, having the Danube on the north; the Ce’brus on the west; the chain of mount Hae’mus on the south, and the Pon’tus Eux’imus, Black Sea, on the east.

9.  Illyricum included the districts along the eastern coast of the Adriatic, from Rhae’tia to the river Dri’nus, Drino Brianco, in the south, and the Sa’vus, Save, on the east.  It was subdued by the Romans about the time of the Macedonian war.

10.  Macedon and Greece were subdued after the conquest of Carthage; for the particulars of their geography, the student is referred to the introduction prefixed to the last edition of the Grecian History.  Thrace was governed by its own kings, who were tributary to the Romans until the reign of the emperor Claudian, when it was made a province.

11.  Da’cia was first subdued by the emperor Trajan, and was the only province north of the Danube; its boundaries were, the Carpathian mountains on the north, the Tibis’eus, Theiss, on the west, the Hiera’sus, Pruth, on the east, and the Danube on the south.

12.  The principal Asiatic provinces were, Asia Minor, Syria, and Phoeni’cia.  Beyond the Euphra’tes, Arme’nia and Mesopota’mia were reduced to provinces by Trajan, but abandoned by his successor Adrian.

13.  The African provinces were, Egypt, Cyrena’ica, Namidia, and Maurita’nia.

14.  The principal states on the borders of the empire were, Germa’nia and Sarma’tia in Europe, Arme’nia and Par’thia in Asia, and AEthio’pia in Africa.