3.  Why are we led to conclude that the Romans considered cavalry an important force?

4.  By whom was the phalanx instituted?

5.  How was the phalanx formed?

6.  What were the defects of the phalanx?

7.  By whom was the legion substituted for the phalanx?

8.  Of what troops was a legion composed?

9.  What was a cohort?

10.  What was the Roman form of battle?

11.  In what manner was an army levied?

12.  How was the sanctity of the military oath proved?

13.  What advantages resulted from the Roman form of encampment?

14.  How long was the citizens liable to be called upon as soldiers?

15.  How was the army paid?

16.  What power had the general?

17.  On what occasion did the soldiers receive rewards?

18.  How was the navy supplied with sailors?

19.  What fact concealed by the Roman historians is established by Polybius?

20.  How did the Romans form a fleet?

21.  What were the several kinds of ships?

22.  What naval tactics did the Romans use?

23.  How did an ovation differ from a triumph?

24.  Can you give a general description of a triumph?

FOOTNOTES: 

[1] This is virtually the same account as that given by Niebuhr, but he excludes the accensi and cavalry from his computation, which brings down the amount to 3600 soldiers.

[2] From ovis, a sheep, the animal on this occasion offered in sacrifice; in the greater triumph the victim was a milk-white bull hung over with garlands, and having his horns tipped with gold.

* * * * *

CHAPTER VIII.

ROMAN LAW—­FINANCE.

  Then equal laws were planted in the state,
  To shield alike the humble and the great.—­Cooke.

1.  In the early stages of society, little difficulty is felt in providing for the administration of justice, because the subjects of controversy are plain and simple, such as any man of common sense may determine; but as civilization advances, the relations between men become more complicated, property assumes innumerable forms, and the determination of questions resulting from these changes, becomes a matter of no ordinary difficulty.  In the first ages of the republic, the consuls were the judges in civil and criminal matters, as the kings had previously been;[1] but as the state increased, a new class of magistrates, called praetors, was appointed to preside in the courts of law.  Until the age of the decemvirs, there was no written code to regulate their decisions; and even after the laws of the twelve tables had been established, there was no perfect system of law, for the enactments in that code were brief, and only asserted a few leading