449 The expulsion of the Decemviri.

  443 Military Tribunes chosen instead of Consuls.

  442 The Censorship instituted.

  439 Maelius murdered by Ahala.

  406 The siege of Veii begun.

  396 Veii taken by Camillus.

  391 The Gauls invade Italy.

  390 {The battle of Allia.  Rome sacked by the Gauls. 
       {The Gauls defeated by Camillus.

383 Manlius put to death on a charge of treason.

361 Curtius devotes himself in the Forum.

342 Beginning of the Samnite war.

339 {Manlius puts his son to death for disobedience. 
{Decius devotes himself for his country.

320 A Roman army forced to surrender to the Samnites in the
Caudine Forks.

280 Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, invades Italy.

272 ——­ finally defeated by Curius Dentatus.

270 Tarentum surrendered to the Romans.

264 Commencement of the first Punic war.

260 The Carthaginian fleet defeated by Duilius.

  256 Regulus defeated by Xantippus.

  252 Regulus sent to negociate peace.  His death.

  241 End of the first Punic war.

  234 {The temple of Janus shut, and Rome at peace, for
          the first time since the death of Numa. 
       {Literature cultivated at Rome.

  229 War with the Illyrians.

  225 {The Gauls invade Italy a second time.
       {——­ ——­ are defeated by Marcellus, who
       gains the spolia opima.

  218 {The second Punic war begins. 
       {Hanniball invades Italy. 
       {Battle of the Ticenus.
       { ——­ of the Trebia.

  217 ——­ of the lake Thrasymene.

  216 ——­ of Cannae.

  214 The Romans begin an auxiliary war against Philip of Macedon.

  212 Syracuse taken by Marcellus.

  207 Asdrubal defeated and slain.

  202 Battle of Zama and end of the second Punic war.

  197 Philip conquered by the Romans.

  192 The Romans wage war against Antiochus.

  189 Death of Hannibal.

  171 Commencement of the second Macedonian war.

  168 Macedon became a Roman province.

  149 The third Punic war begins.

  147 Carthage destroyed by Scipio, and Corinth by Munimius.

  132 Sedition of Trius Gracchus.

  126 Revolt of the slaves in Sicily.

  122 Seditions of Caius Gracchus.

  121 Murder of Caius Gracchus.  Persecution of the popular party.

  111 The Jugurthine war begins, and lasts five years.

  91 The social war begins, and lasts three years.

  89 The Mithridatic war begins, and lasts twenty-six years.

  88 The civil war between Marius and Sylla.

  86 {Cruelties of Marius. 
       {Death of Marius.