Section 1.—­The Reign of Constantius

 ——­ 2.—­The Reigns of Julian Jovian, the Valentinians, and
  Theodosius

XXVI.  From the death of Theodosius to the subversion of the Western Empire,
  viz.

Section 1.—­The division of the Roman dominions into the Eastern and
  Western empires

 ——­ 2.—­Decline and fall of the Western empire

XXVII.  Historical notices of the different barbarous tribes that aided in
  overthrowing the Roman empire

XXVIII.  The progress of Christianity

Chronological Index

* * * * *

  History of rome

* * * * *

INTRODUCTION.

CHAPTER I.

Geographical outline of Italy.

  Italia! oh, Italia! thou who hast
  The fatal gift of beauty, which became
  A funeral dower of present woes and past,
  On thy sweet brow is sorrow plough’d by shame,
  And annals traced in characters of flame.—­Byron.

1.  The outline of Italy presents a geographical unity and completeness which naturally would lead us to believe that it was regarded as a whole, and named as a single country, from the earliest ages.  This opinion would, however, be erroneous; while the country was possessed by various independent tribes of varied origin and different customs, the districts inhabited by each were reckoned separate states, and it was not until these several nations had fallen under the power of one predominant people that the physical unity which the peninsula possesses was expressed by a single name.  Italy was the name originally given to a small peninsula in Brut’tium, between the Scylacean and Napetine gulfs; the name was gradually made to comprehend new districts, until at length it included the entire country lying south of the Alps, between the Adriatic and Tuscan seas. 2.  The names Hesperia, Saturnia, and Oenot’ria have also been given to this country by the poets; but these designations are not properly applicable; for Hesperia was a general name for all the countries lying to the west of Greece, and the other two names really belonged to particular districts.

3.  The northern boundary of Italy, in its full extent, is the chain of the Alps, which forms a kind of crescent, with the convex side towards Gaul.  The various branches of these mountains had distinct names; the most remarkable were, the Maritime Alps, extending from the Ligurian sea to Mount Vesulus, Veso; the Collian, Graian, Penine, Rhoetian, Tridentine, Carnic, and Julian Alps, which nearly complete the crescent; the Euganean, Venetian, and Pannonian Alps, that extend the chain to the east.

4.  The political divisions of Italy have been frequently altered, but it may be considered as naturally divided into Northern, Central, and Southern Italy.