In 1873, for example, a number of the bricklayers in Ahmadabad could not find work.  Men of this class sometimes added to their daily wages by rising very early in the morning, and working overtime.  But when several families complained that they could not get employment, the bricklayers’ guild met, and decided that as there was not enough work for all, no member should be allowed to work in extra hours.  In the same city, the cloth dealers in 1872 tried to cut down the wages of the sizers or men who dress the cotton cloth.  The sizers’ guild refused to work at lower rates, and remained six weeks on strike.  At length they arranged their dispute, and both the trade-guilds signed a stamped agreement fixing the rates for the future.  Each of the higher castes or trade-guilds in Ahmadabad receives a fee from young men on entering their business.  The revenue derived from these fees, and from fines upon members who break caste rules, is spent in feasts to the brethren of the guild, and in helping the poorer craftsmen or their orphans.  A favorite plan of raising money in Surat is for the members of the trade to keep a certain day as a holiday, and to shut up all their shops except one.  The right to keep open this one shop is put up to auction, and the amount bid is expended on a feast.  The trade-guild or caste allows none of its members to starve.  It thus acts as a mutual assurance society and takes the place of a poor-law in India.  The severest social penalty which can be inflicted upon a Hindu is to be put out of his caste.

Hinduism is, however, not only a social league resting upon caste—­it is also a religious alliance based upon worship.  As the various race elements of the Indian people have been welded into caste, so the simple old beliefs of the Veda, the mild doctrines of Buddha, and the fierce rites of the non-Aryan tribes, have been thrown into the melting-pot, and poured out thence as a mixture of precious metal and dross, to be worked up into the complex worship of the Hindu gods.

FALL OF TROY

B.C. 1184

GEORGE GROTE

The siege of Troy is an event not to be reckoned as history, although Herodotus, the “Father of History,” speaks of it as such, and it would be quite impossible to understand the history and character of the Greek people without a study of the Iliad and Odyssey poems attributed to “a blind bard of Scio’s isle”—­immortal Homer.  The campaign of the Greek heroes in Asia is to be referred to a hazy point in the past when Europe was just beginning to have an Eastern Question.  A vast circle of tales and poems has gathered round this mythical event, and the Iliad—­Song of Ilium, or Troy—­is still a poem of unfailing interest and fascination.

Ilium, or Troy, was a city of Asia Minor, a little south of the Hellespont.