liking, if not friendship.  The duke was always glad to see him and ready to converse with him; but Confucius’s unbounded admiration for those whose bones, as Laou-tsze said, were mouldered to dust, and especially for the founders of the Chow dynasty, made it impossible for the duke to place him in any position of importance.  At the same time Confucius seems always to have hoped that he would be able to gain the duke over to his views; and thus it came about that the Sage was constantly attracted to the court of Duke Ling, and as often compelled to exile himself from it.

On this particular occasion, as at all other times, the duke received him gladly, but their conversations, which had principally turned on the act of peaceful government, were now directed to warlike affairs.  The duke was contemplating an attack on Poo, the inhabitants of which, under the leadership of Hwan T’uy, who had arrested Confucius, had rebelled against him.  At first Confucius was quite disposed to support the duke in his intended hostilities; but a representation from the duke that the probable support of other states would make the expedition one of considerable danger, converted Confucius to the opinion evidently entertained by the duke, that it would be best to leave Hwan T’uy in possession of his ill-gotten territory.  Confucius’s latest advice was then to this effect, and the duke acted upon it.

The duke was now becoming an old man, and with advancing age came a disposition to leave the task of governing to others, and to weary of Confucius’ high-flown lectures.  He ceased “to use” Confucius, as the Chinese historians say, and the Sage was therefore indignant, and ready to accept any offer which might come from any quarter.  While in this humor he received an invitation from Pih Hih, an officer of the state of Tsin who was holding the town of Chung-mow against his chief, to visit him, and he was inclined to go.  It is impossible to study this portion of Confucius’ career without feeling that a great change had come over his conduct.  There was no longer that lofty love of truth and of virtue which had distinguished the commencement of his official life.  Adversity, instead of stiffening his back, had made him pliable.  He who had formerly refused to receive money he had not earned, was now willing to take pay in return for no other services than the presentation of courtier-like advice on occasions when Duke Ling desired to have his opinion in support of his own; and in defiance of his oft-repeated denunciation of rebels, he was now ready to go over to the court of a rebel chief, in the hope possibly of being able through his means “to establish,” as he said on another occasion, “an Eastern Chow.”