But to return to Confucius as the Minister of Crime.

Though eminently successful, the results obtained under his system were not quite such as his followers have represented them to have been.  No doubt crime diminished under his rule, but it was by no means abolished.  In fact, his biographers mention a case which must have been peculiarly shocking to him.  A father brought an accusation against his son, in the expectation, probably, of gaining his suit with ease before a judge who laid such stress on the virtues of filial piety.  But to his surprise, and that of the on-lookers, Confucius cast both father and son into prison, and to the remonstrances of the head of the Ke clan answered, “Am I to punish for a breach of filial piety one who has never been taught to be filially minded?  Is not he who neglects to teach his son his duties, equally guilty with the son who fails in them?  Crime is not inherent in human nature, and therefore the father in the family, and the government in the state, are responsible for the crimes committed against filial piety and the public laws.  If a king is careless about publishing laws, and then peremptorily punishes in accordance with the strict letter of them, he acts the part of a swindler; if he collect the taxes arbitrarily without giving warning, he is guilty of oppression; and if he puts the people to death without having instructed them, he commits a cruelty.”

On all these points Confucius frequently insisted, and strove both by precept and example to impart the spirit they reflected on all around him.  In the presence of his prince we are told that his manner, though self-possessed, displayed respectful uneasiness.  When he entered the palace, or when he passed the vacant throne, his countenance changed, his legs bent under him, and he spoke as though he had scarcely breath to utter a word.  When it fell to his lot to carry the royal sceptre, he stooped his body as though he were not able to bear its weight.  If the prince came to visit him when he was ill, he had himself placed with his head to the east, and lay dressed in his court clothes with his girdle across them.  When the prince sent him a present of cooked meat, he carefully adjusted his mat and just tasted the dishes; if the meat were uncooked, he offered it to the spirits of his ancestors, and any animal which was thus sent him he kept alive.

At the village festivals he never preceded, but always followed after the elders.  To all about him he assumed an appearance of simplicity and sincerity.  To the court officials of the lower grade he spoke freely, and to superior officers his manner was bland but precise.  Even at the wild gatherings which accompanied the annual ceremony of driving away pestilential influences, he paid honor to the original meaning of the rite, by standing in court robes on the eastern steps of his house, and received the riotous exorcists as though they were favored guests.  When sent