of the central state lessened by the want of ability shown by the successors of kings Woo, Ching, and K’ang, than constant strife broke out between the several chiefs.  The hand of every man was against his neighbor, and the smaller states suffered the usual fate, under like circumstances, of being encroached upon and absorbed, notwithstanding their appeals for help to their common sovereign.  The House of Chow having been thus found wanting, the device was resorted to of appointing one of the most powerful princes as a presiding chief, who should exercise royal functions, leaving the king only the title and paraphernalia of sovereignity.  In fact, the China of this period was governed and administered very much as Japan was up till about twenty years ago.  For Mikado, Shogun, and ruling Daimios, read king, presiding chief, and princes, and the parallel is as nearly as possible complete.  The result of the system, however, in the two countries was different, for apart from the support received by the Mikado from the belief in his heavenly origin, the insular position of Japan prevented the possibility of the advent of elements of disorder from without, whereas the principalities of China were surrounded by semi-barbarous states, the chiefs of which were engaged in constant warfare with them.

Confucius’ deep spirit of loyalty to the House of Chow forbade his following in the Book of History the careers of the sovereigns who reigned between the death of Muh in B.C. 946 and the accession of P’ing in 770.  One after another these kings rose, reigned, and died, leaving each to his successor an ever-increasing heritage of woe.  During the reign of Seuen (827-781) a gleam of light seems to have shot through the pervading darkness.  Though falling far short of the excellencies of the founders of the dynasty, he yet strove to follow, though at a long interval, the examples they had set him; and according to the Chinese belief, as an acknowledgment from Heaven of his efforts in the direction of virtue, it was given him to sit upon the throne for nearly half a century.

His successor, Yew, “the Dark,” appears to even less advantage.  No redeeming acts relieve the general disorder of his reign, and at the instigation of a favorite concubine he is said to have committed acts which place him on a level with Kee and Show.  Earthquakes, storms, and astrological portents appeared as in the dark days at the close of the Hea and Shang dynasties.  His capital was surrounded by the barbarian allies of the Prince of Shin, the father of his wife, whom he had dismissed at the request of his favorite, and in an attempt to escape he fell a victim to their weapons.

With this event the Western Chow dynasty was brought to a close.

Here, also, the Book of History comes to an end, and the Spring and Autumn Annals by Confucius takes up the tale of iniquity and disorder which overspread the land.  No more dreadful record of a nation’s struggles can be imagined than that contained in Confucius’s history.  The country was torn by discord and desolated by wars.  Husbandry was neglected, the peace of households was destroyed, and plunder and rapine were the watchwords of the time.