It is a very valuable timber-tree, the wood being loosely known as “deal”; but “deals” are, properly speaking, planks of pine-wood of a certain thickness, “boards” being the technical name for a thicker kind.  Pine trunks are used for the masts of ships.  “In the north of Russia and in Lapland the outer bark is used, like that of the birch, for covering huts, for lining them inside, and as a substitute for cork for floating the nets of fishermen; and the inner bark is woven into mats like those made from the lime-tree.  Ropes are also made from the bark, which are said to be very strong and elastic, and are generally used by the fishermen.”

In the north of Europe great quantities of tar are procured from the Scotch pine.  Torches are made from the roots and trunk.

Varieties of the pine are grown in “little woods” for hop-poles.

Pinus sylvestris (the “Scotch Pine"), though a native of Scotland, has only been planted and cultivated in Great Britain for about a century.

On the subject of “thinning and pruning” in plantations planters—­like doctors—­differ.  An amusing story was sent to Mr. Loudon by the Duke of Bedford, in reference to his grandfather, who was an advocate for vigorous thinning in the pine plantations.

“The Duke perceived that the plantation required thinning, in order to admit a free circulation of air, and give health and vigour to the young trees.  He accordingly gave instructions to his gardener, and directed him as to the mode and extent of the thinning required.  The gardener paused and hesitated, and at length said:  ’Your Grace must pardon me if I humbly remonstrate against your orders, but I cannot possibly do what you desire; it would at once destroy the young plantation; and, moreover, it would be seriously injurious to my reputation as a planter.’  My grandfather, who was of an impetuous and decided character, but always just, instantly replied, ’Do as I desire you, and I will take care of your reputation.’  The plantation was accordingly thinned according to the instructions of the Duke, who caused a board to be fixed in the plantation, facing the wood, on which was inscribed, ’This plantation has been thinned by John, Duke of Bedford, contrary to the advice and opinion of his gardener.’”

The Willow (Salix caprea, &c.).  The species of willow are so numerous that we shall not attempt to give a list of them.

Willow-wood wears well in water, and has been used in shipbuilding and carpentery, and especially for small ware, cricket-bats and toys.  Full-grown willows of all kinds are picturesque and very graceful trees.  The growth of the tree kinds when young is very rapid.

Willows are largely cultivated in “little woods” for basket-making, hoops, &c.  Shoots of the Salix caprea of only a year’s growth are large enough to be valuable for wicker-work.  It appears to be held by cultivators that the poorer the soil in which they are grown the oftener these willows should be cut over.  “In a good soil a coppice of this species will produce the greatest return in poles, hoops, and rods every five, six, seven, or eight years; and in middling soil, where it is grown chiefly for faggot-wood, it will produce the greatest return every three, four, or five years.”