this form of enlistment was both cumbrous and inadequate; and the creation of a more powerful army was almost immediately begun.  On May 3 a new proclamation was issued, calling into service 42,034 three years’ volunteers, 22,714 enlisted men to add ten regiments to the regular army, and 18,000 seamen for blockade service:  a total immediate increase of 82,748, swelling the entire military establishment to an army of 156,861 and a navy of 25,000.

No express authority of law yet existed for these measures; but President Lincoln took the responsibility of ordering them, trusting that Congress would legalize his acts.  His confidence was entirely justified.  At the special session which met under his proclamation, on the fourth of July, these acts were declared valid, and he was authorized, moreover, to raise an army of a million men and $250,000,000 in money to carry on the war to suppress the rebellion; while other legislation conferred upon him supplementary authority to meet the emergency.

Meanwhile, the first effort of the governors of the loyal States was to furnish their quotas under the first call for militia.  This was easy enough as to men.  It required only a few days to fill the regiments and forward them to the State capitals and principal cities; but to arm and equip them for the field on the spur of the moment was a difficult task which involved much confusion and delay, even though existing armories and foundries pushed their work to the utmost and new ones were established.  Under the militia call, the governors appointed all the officers required by their respective quotas, from company lieutenant to major-general of division; while under the new call for three years’ volunteers, their authority was limited to the simple organization of regiments.

In the South, war preparation also immediately became active.  All the indications are that up to their attack on Sumter, the Southern leaders hoped to effect separation through concession and compromise by the North.  That hope, of course, disappeared with South Carolina’s opening guns, and the Confederate government made what haste it could to meet the ordeal it dreaded even while it had provoked it.  The rebel Congress was hastily called together, and passed acts recognizing war and regulating privateering; admitting Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas to the Confederate States; authorizing a $50,000,000 loan; practically confiscating debts due from Southern to Northern citizens; and removing the seat of government from Montgomery, Alabama, to Richmond, Virginia.

Four different calls for Southern volunteers had been made, aggregating 82,000 men; and Jefferson Davis’s message now proposed to further organize and hold in readiness an army of 100,000.  The work of erecting forts and batteries for defense was being rapidly pushed at all points:  on the Atlantic coast, on the Potomac, and on the Mississippi and other Western streams.  For the present the Confederates were