That the Government, after the failure of all its efforts to maintain peace, promptly took the initiative, disturbed not a little the Czar of Russia.  This was perhaps indicated most dramatically by his manifesto to the Jews.  This same Czar, whose hands are stained with the blood of many thousands of the Jews whom his servants of slaughter have murdered during the pogroms, this same Czar who has degraded and abused the Jews in the most inhuman fashion, has now, in order to create an agreeable impression, issued a manifesto “to my beloved Jews!” Now when he has to fear that the Poles and those Jews living in Russian Poland may rise up against his army of shame, now does he begin to make bright promises for the future!

Russia to Blame.

Upon Russia rests the entire responsibility for the present war.  While the Czar was still negotiating with the German Kaiser for the declared purpose of bringing about peace, he was arming his troops not only against Austria but against Germany.

That France, republican France, has allied herself with Russian absolutism for the purpose of murder and destruction, is an almost inconceivable fact.  And that England, parliamentarian England, democratic England, is fighting side by side with the Russians for “freedom and culture,” that is a truly gigantic and shameless piece of hypocrisy.

I do not need to place before those of our readers who are schooled in socialism any comments on the causes of this war—­the fact itself as it stands is of a stupendous, terrifying magnitude.  And it is with this fact that we have now to reckon.  Russia, France, Belgium, England, Servia, Montenegro and Japan are now involved in this battle for “freedom and culture,” which means fighting against Germany, against the world which has given birth to Goethe, to Kant and to Karl Marx!  It would be laughable were the situation not so desperately grave.

Socialism in each of the West European powers has done all it could to prevent the war.  Its strength could not sufficiently prevail—­it was not enough.  On Aug. 1, 1914, socialism in each country found itself confronted with the hideous certainty of war.  What was to be done?

On the 1st of August there was no longer any possibility whatsoever of sending a letter or telegram across the German frontier.  The telegram of condolence which we sent to Paris on the assassination of Jean Jaures never arrived.  Socialism in each country was forced back entirely upon itself.

At the time when I am writing this letter, Aug. 21, we in Germany know absolutely nothing concerning the details of the action taken in the Belgian and French Parliament.  Only this much has penetrated to us, that our comrades in all of the countries under consideration have come to the same conclusion as we in Germany.  The French have approved the war credits, the Belgians have admitted Vandervelde to the Ministry for Defense.  That our comrades in England have come out for the