France, eager to destroy the last hope of Italian emancipation,—­France, the alguazil of Austria, the soldiers of republican France, firing upon republican Rome!  If there be angel as well as demon powers that interfere in the affairs of men, those bullets could scarcely fail to be turned back against their own breasts.  Yet Roman blood has flowed also; I saw how it stained the walls of the Vatican Gardens on the 30th of April—­the first anniversary of the appearance of Pius IX.’s too famous encyclic letter.  Shall he, shall any Pope, ever again walk peacefully in these gardens?  It seems impossible!  The temporal sovereignty of the Popes is virtually destroyed by their shameless, merciless measures taken to restore it.  The spiritual dominion ultimately falls, too, into irrevocable ruin.  What may be the issue at this moment, we cannot guess.  The French have retired to Civita Vecchia, but whether to reembark or to await reinforcements, we know not.  The Neapolitan force has halted within a few miles of the walls; it is not large, and they are undoubtedly surprised at the discomfiture of the French.  Perhaps they wait for the Austrians, but we do not yet hear that these have entered the Romagna.  Meanwhile, Rome is strongly barricaded, and, though she cannot stand always against a world in arms, she means at least to do so as long as possible.  Mazzini is at her head; she has now a guide “who understands his faith,” and all there is of a noble spirit will show itself.  We all feel very sad, because the idea of bombs, barbarously thrown in, and street-fights in Rome, is peculiarly dreadful.  Apart from all the blood and anguish inevitable at such times, the glories of Art may perish, and mankind be forever despoiled of the most beautiful inheritance.  Yet I would defend Rome to the last moment.  She must not be false to the higher hope that has dawned upon her.  She must not fall back again into servility and corruption.

And no one is willing.  The interference of the French has roused the weakest to resistance.  “From the Austrians, from the Neapolitans,” they cried, “we expected this; but from the French—­it is too infamous; it cannot be borne;” and they all ran to arms and fought nobly.

The Americans here are not in a pleasant situation.  Mr. Cass, the Charge of the United States, stays here without recognizing the government.  Of course, he holds no position at the present moment that can enable him to act for us.  Beside, it gives us pain that our country, whose policy it justly is to avoid armed interference with the affairs of Europe, should not use a moral influence.  Rome has, as we did, thrown off a government no longer tolerable; she has made use of the suffrage to form another; she stands on the same basis as ourselves.  Mr. Rush did us great honor by his ready recognition of a principle as represented by the French Provisional Government; had Mr. Cass been empowered to do the same, our country would have acted nobly, and all that is most truly American in America would have spoken to sustain the sickened hopes of European democracy.  But of this more when I write next.  Who knows what I may have to tell another week?