[Illustration:  The Emperor Claudius.]

Nevertheless, it would now have been no easy matter, even if the emperor had wished it, to convict an empress of infidelity and disobedience to one of the great laws of Augustus.  Caligula was a madman and had been able to secure three divorces, but a wiser emperor would have to think for a long time before rendering public the shame and scandals of his family, especially when confronted with an aristocracy which was as eager to suspect and calumniate as was the aristocracy of Rome.  But the problem became hopeless as soon as the emperor did not see or did not wish to see the faults of his wife.  Would any one dare to step forward and accuse the empress?

The situation gradually became grave and dangerous.  The state, governed with intelligence, but without energy, with vast contradictions and hesitations, was being strengthened along certain lines and was going to pieces along others.  The power and extortions of the freedmen were breeding discontent on every hand.  Both through what she really did, and what the populace said she had done, Messalina was being transformed by the people into a legendary personage whose infamous deeds aroused general indignation; but all in vain.

It now became quite evident that an empress was virtually invulnerable, and that, once enthroned upon the Palatine, there was no effective means of protesting against the various ways in which she could abuse her lofty position unless the emperor wished to interfere.  In its exasperation, the public finally vented upon Claudius the anger which the violence and misconduct of Messalina had aroused.  They declared that it was his weakness which was responsible for her conduct; and intrigues, deeds of violence, conspiracies, and attempts at civil war became, as Suetonius says, every-day occurrences at Rome.

A sense of insecurity and doubt was spreading throughout the state as a result of the indecision of the emperor, and all began to ask themselves how long a government could last which was at the mercy of a wanton.  The violent death of Caligula, which was still fresh in the minds of the people, added to this wide-spread feeling of insecurity and alarm.  As Caligula, notwithstanding the pontifical sacredness of his person, had been slain, to the apparent satisfaction of everybody, in his palace by a handful of his supposed friends and supporters, it seemed possible that the tragedy might easily be repeated in the case of Claudius.  Could not the whole Claudian government be overturned,—­in a single night, perhaps, as that of Caligula had been overturned?  All hearts were filled with suspicion, distrust, and alarm, and many concluded that since Claudius had not succeeded in ridding the empire of Messalina it would be well to rid it of Claudius.

[Illustration:  Messalina, third wife of Claudius.]

So for seven years Messalina remained the great weakness of a government which possessed signal merits and accomplished great things.  Of all the emperors in the family of Augustus, Claudius was certainly the one whose life was most seriously threatened, especially because of his wife.  Such a situation could not endure.