What is Force?

Some of our most obvious words open up secret meanings under scrutiny, and this is one of them.

To begin with, we must recognize the distinction between inner and outer force.  The one is cause, the other effect.  The one is spiritual, the other physical.  In this important particular, animate force differs from inanimate force—­the power of man, coming from within and expressing itself outwardly, is of another sort from the force of Shimose powder, which awaits some influence from without to explode it.  However susceptive to outside stimuli, the true source of power in man lies within himself.  This may seem like “mere psychology,” but it has an intensely practical bearing on public speaking, as will appear.

Not only must we discern the difference between human force and mere physical force, but we must not confuse its real essence with some of the things that may—­and may not—­accompany it.  For example, loudness is not force, though force at times may be attended by noise.  Mere roaring never made a good speech, yet there are moments—­moments, mind you, not minutes—­when big voice power may be used with tremendous effect.

Nor is violent motion force—­yet force may result in violent motion.  Hamlet counseled the players: 

Nor do not saw the air too much with your hand, thus; but use all gently; for in the very torrent, tempest, and (as I may say) whirlwind of your passion, you must acquire and beget a temperance, that may give it smoothness.  Oh, it offends me to the soul, to hear a robustious periwig-pated fellow tear a passion to tatters, to very rags, to split the ears of the groundlings[2]; who, for the most part, are capable of nothing but inexplicable dumb show, and noise.  I would have such a fellow whipped for o’er-doing Termagant; it out-herods Herod.  Pray you avoid it.

Be not too tame, neither, but let your discretion be your tutor:  suit the action to the word, the word to the action; with this special observance, that you o’erstep not the modesty of nature; for anything so overdone is from the purpose of playing, whose end, both at the first, and now, was, and is, to hold, as ’twere, the mirror up to Nature, to show Virtue her own feature, Scorn her own image, and the very age and body of the time his form and pressure.  Now, this overdone, or come tardy off, though it make the unskillful laugh, cannot but make the judicious grieve; the censure of the which one must, in your allowance, o’erweigh a whole theater of others.  Oh, there be players that I have seen play—­and heard others praise, and that highly—­not to speak it profanely, that, neither having the accent of Christians, nor the gait of Christian, pagan, or man, have so strutted and bellowed that I have thought some of Nature’s journeymen had made men, and not made them well, they imitated humanity so abominably.[3]

Force is both a cause and an effect.  Inner force, which must precede outer force, is a combination of four elements, acting progressively.  First of all, force arises from conviction.  You must be convinced of the truth, or the importance, or the meaning, of what you are about to say before you can give it forceful delivery.  It must lay strong hold upon your convictions before it can grip your audience.  Conviction convinces.