[Illustration:  In Canoeing Against the Current in Swift Steams a Pole is Used in Place of the Paddle (Photographs by A.R.  Dugmore)]

[Illustration:  A type of sailing canoe]

An open canoe for paddling does not require a rudder.  A sailing canoe, however, will require a rudder, a keel, and a centreboard as well.  Canoe sailing is an exciting and dangerous sport.  In order to keep the canoe from capsizing, a sliding seat or outrigger is used, upon which the sailor shifts his position to keep the boat on an even keel.  The centreboard is so arranged that it can be raised or lowered by means of a line.

XV

BASEBALL

How to organize a team and to select the players—­The various positions—­Curve pitching

Baseball is called the National Game of America just as cricket is regarded as the national game in England.  The game received its wide popularity directly after the Civil War by the soldiers who returned to all parts of the country and introduced the game that they had learned in camp.  Almost every village and town has its ball team, in which the interest is general.  It is not a game for middle-aged men to play, like golf, but if one has been a ball player in youth the chances are that he will keep his interest in the game through life.  Baseball is largely a game of skill.  It does not afford nearly as much opportunity for physical exercise as tennis or football, and because of the professional games it is not always conducted with as high a regard for sportsmanlike conduct, but it has a firm hold on the American public, and the winning of a championship series in the professional leagues is almost a national event.

Every boy knows that a baseball team consists of nine players, the positions being pitcher, catcher, first base, second base, third base, and shortstop, which are called the in-field, and right-field, centre-field, and left-field, which positions are called the out-field.  The umpire has a very important position in baseball, as his decisions in a close game may result either in defeat or victory for a team.  An umpire should always be some one who knows the rules thoroughly and who is not too greatly interested in either team.  He should always try to be fair, and having once made a decision be sure enough of himself to hold to it even if the whole opposing team may try by “kicking” to cause him to change.  Much of the rowdyism in baseball can be attributed to this cause.  A good ball player is first of all a boy or man who shows himself to be a gentleman under, all circumstances.

In baseball, like many games where winning is sometimes the important thing rather than fair play, the real benefits of the game are lost sight of in the desire to have a higher score than one’s opponents.  Probably the most clean-cut games are played by school and college teams, which should always be strictly amateur.