36. (The beginninglessness of the world) recommends itself to reason and is seen (from Scripture).

The beginninglessness of the world recommends itself to reason.  For if it had a beginning it would follow that, the world springing into existence without a cause, the released souls also would again enter into the circle of transmigratory existence; and further, as then there would exist no determining cause of the unequal dispensation of pleasure and pain, we should have to acquire in the doctrine of rewards and punishments being allotted, without reference to previous good or bad action.  That the Lord is not the cause of the inequality, has already been remarked.  Nor can Nescience by itself be the cause, and it is of a uniform nature.  On the other hand, Nescience may be the cause of inequality, if it be considered as having regard to merit accruing from action produced by the mental impressions or wrath, hatred, and other afflicting passions[313].  Without merit and demerit nobody can enter into existence, and again, without a body merit and demerit cannot be formed; so that—­on the doctrine of the world having a beginning—­we are led into a logical see-saw.  The opposite doctrine, on the other hand, explains all matters in a manner analogous to the case of the seed and sprout, so that no difficulty remains.—­Moreover, the fact of the world being without a beginning, is seen in Sruti and Sm/ri/ti.  In the first place, we have the scriptural passage, ’Let me enter with this living Self (jiva)’, &c. (Ch.  Up.  VI, 3, 2).  Here the circumstance of the embodied Self (the individual soul) being called, previously to creation, ’the living Self’—­a name applying to it in so far as it is the sustaining principle of the pra/n/as—­shows that this phenomenal world is without a beginning.  For if it had a beginning, the pra/n/as would not exist before that beginning, and how then could the embodied Self be denoted, with reference to the time of the world’s beginning, by a name which depends on the existence of those pra/n/as.  Nor can it be said that it is so designated with a view to its future relation to the pra/n/as; it being a settled principle that a past relation, as being already existing, is of greater force than a mere future relation.—­Moreover, we have the mantra, ’As the creator formerly devised (akalpaya) sun and moon (Ri.  Sa/m/h.  X, 190, 3), which intimates the existence of former Kalpas.  Sm/ri/ti also declares the world to be without a beginning, ’Neither its form is known here, nor its end, nor its beginning, nor its support’ (Bha.  Gi.  XV, 3).  And the Pura/n/a also declares that there is no measure of the past and the future Kalpas.

37.  And because all the qualities (required in the cause of the world) are present (in Brahman).

The teacher has now refuted all the objections, such as difference of character, and the like, which other teachers have brought forward against what he had established as the real sense of the Veda, viz. that the intelligent Brahman is the cause and matter of this world.