to conceive any other mode of existence than one similar
to what they had experienced in life, nor any other
world as the scene of such an existence but this we
inhabit, beyond the bounds of which the mind extends
itself with great difficulty. Admiration, indeed,
was able to exalt to heaven a few selected heroes:
it did not seem absurd that those who in their mortal
state had distinguished themselves as superior and
overruling spirits should after death ascend to that
sphere which influences and governs everything below,
or that the proper abode of beings at once so illustrious
and permanent should be in that part of Nature in
which they had always observed the greatest splendor
and the least mutation. But on ordinary occasions
it was natural some should imagine that the dead retired
into a remote country, separated from the living by
seas or mountains. It was natural that some should
follow their imagination with a simplicity still purer,
and pursue the souls of men no further than the sepulchres
in which their bodies had been deposited;[8] whilst
others of deeper penetration, observing that bodies
worn out by age or destroyed by accident still afforded
the materials for generating new ones, concluded likewise
that a soul being dislodged did not wholly perish,
but was destined, by a similar revolution in Nature,
to act again, and to animate some other body.
This last principle gave rise to the doctrine of Transmigration:
but we must not presume of course, that, where it
prevailed, it necessarily excluded the other opinions;
for it is not remote from the usual procedure of the
human mind, blending in obscure matters imagination
and reasoning together, to unite ideas the most inconsistent.
When Homer represents the ghosts of his heroes appearing
at the sacrifices of Ulysses, he supposes them endued
with life, sensation, and a capacity of moving; but
he has joined to these powers of living existence uncomeliness,
want of strength, want of distinction, the characteristics
of a dead carcass. This is what the mind is apt
to do: it is very apt to confound the ideas of
the surviving soul and the dead body. The vulgar
have always and still do confound these very irreconcilable
ideas. They lay the scene of apparitions in churchyards;
they habit the ghost in a shroud; and it appears in
all the ghastly paleness of a corpse. A contradiction
of this kind has given rise to a doubt whether the
Druids did in reality hold the doctrine of Transmigration.
There is positive testimony that they did hold it;
there is also testimony as positive that they buried
or burned with the dead utensils, arms, slaves, and
whatever might be judged useful to them, as if they
were to be removed into a separate state. They
might have held both these opinions; and we ought not
to be surprised to find error inconsistent.