encourage her to join the Allies.  Austria naturally desired to free Roumania from this pressure.  The leading Austrian statesmen, at this time, were especially interested in Hungary.  The Austrian Minister of Foreign Affairs was Baron Stephen Burian, the Hungarian diplomatist, belonging to the party of the Hungarian Premier, Count Tisza.  It was his own country that was threatened.  The prizes of a victorious campaign were therefore great.

The campaign began in January amid the deepest snow, and continued during February in the midst of blizzards.  The Austrians were divided into three separate armies.  The first was charged with the relief of Przemysl.  The second advanced in the direction of Lemberg, and the third moved upon Bukovina.  The first made very little progress, after a number of lively battles.  It was held pretty safely by Brussilov.  The second army was checked by Dmitrieff.  Further east, however, the army of the Bukovina crossed the Carpathian range, and made considerable advances.  This campaign was fought out in a great number of battles, the most serious of which, perhaps, was the battle of Koziowa.  At that point Brussilov’s center withstood for several days the Austrian second army which was commanded by the German General von Linsengen.  The Russian success here saved Lemberg, prevented the relief of Przemysl and gave time to send reinforcements into Bukovina.

The Austrian third army, moving on Bukovina, had the greatest Austrian success.  They captured in succession Czernowitz, Kolomea, and Stanislau.  They did not succeed, however, in driving the Russians from the province.  The Russians retired slowly, waiting for reinforcements.  These reinforcements came, whereupon the Austrians were pushed steadily back.  The passes in the Carpathians still remained in Austrian hands, but Przemysl was not relieved or Lemberg recaptured.  On March 22d Przemysl fell.

The capture of Przemysl was the greatest success that Russia had so far attained.  It had been besieged for about four months, and the taking of the fortress was hailed as the first spectacular success of the war.  Its capture altered the whole situation.  It released a large Russian army, which was sent to reinforce the armies of Ivanov, where the Austrians were vigorously attacked.

By the end of March the Russians had captured the last Austrian position on the Lupkow pass and were attacking vigorously the pass of Uzzok, which maintained a stubborn defense.  Brussilov tried to push his way to the rear of the Uzzok position, and though the Austrians delivered a vigorous counter-attack they were ultimately defeated.  In fire weeks of fighting Ivanov captured over seventy thousand prisoners.