Cattell,[1] in considering a similar experience, gives his opinion that not the absence of fusion for the moving eye, but its presence for the resting eye, needs explanation.  “More than a thousand interruptions per second,” he believes, “give a series of sharply defined retinal processes.”  But as for the fusion of moving objects seen when the eyes are at rest, Cattell says, “It is not necessary and would probably be disadvantageous for us to see the separate phases.”  Even where distinct vision would be ‘disadvantageous’ he half doubts if fusion comes to the rescue, or if even the color-wheel ever produces complete fusion.  “I have never been able,” he writes, “to make gray in a color-wheel from red and green (with the necessary correction of blue), but when it is as nearly gray as it can be got I see both red and green with an appearance of translucence.”

   [1] Cattell, J. McK., Psychological review, 1900, VII., p. 325.

That the retina can hold apart more than one thousand stimulations per second, that there is, in fact, no such thing as fusion, is a supposition which is in such striking contrast to all previous explanations of optical phenomena, that it should be accepted only if no other theory can do justice to them.  It is hoped that the following pages will show that the facts do not demand such a theory.

Another simple observation is interesting in this connection.  If at any time, except when the eyes are quite fresh, one closes one’s eyes and attends to the after-images, some will be found which are so faint as to be just barely distinguishable from the idioretinal light.  If the attention is then fixed on one such after-image, and the eyes are moved, the image will suddenly disappear and slowly emerge again after the eyes have come to rest.  This disappearance during eye-movements can be observed also on after-images of considerable intensity; these, however, flash back instantly into view, so that the observation is somewhat more difficult.  Exner,[2] in speaking of this phenomenon, adds that in general “subjective visual phenomena whose origin lies in the retina, as for instance after-images, Purkinje’s vessel-figure, or the phenomena of circulation under discussion, are almost exclusively to be seen when the eye is rigidly fixed on a certain spot:  as soon as a movement of the eye is made, the subjective phenomena disappear.”

   [2] Exner, Sigmund, Zeitschrift f.  Psychologie u.  Physiologie
   der Sinnesorgane, 1890, I., S. 46.

The facts here mentioned in no wise contradict a phenomenon recently discussed by McDougall,[3] wherein eye-movements revive sensations which had already faded.  Thus an eye-movement will bring back an after-image which was no longer visible.  This return to vividness takes place after the movement has been completed, and there is no contention that the image is seen just during the movement.

   [3] McDougall, W., Mind, N.S., X., 1901, p. 52.