SYSTEMS PERMANENTLY USEFUL.—­These systems, collections of rules, directions or standing orders are useful even when Ultimate Management is completely installed—­

    1. for use as records of successful methods which may be
       scientifically studied for elements.
    2. for use by the instruction card clerk in explaining to
       the men why the rules on the instruction card are given.

RELATION OF SYSTEMS TO STANDARDS SHOULD BE EMPHASIZED.—­The worker is too often not made to understand the relation of Systems to Standards.  The average worker does not object to Systems, because he realizes that the System is a collection of his best, least wasteful methods of doing work.  When he can be convinced that standards are only efficient elements of his own methods scientifically studied and combined, any opposition to them will disappear.

THE PERSONAL NOTE OF THE “SYSTEM” SHOULD BE PRESERVED.—­Perhaps one thing that makes the typical “Systems” so attractive is the personal note that they contain.  Illustrated with pictures of successful work that the workers themselves have done, often containing pictures of the men themselves that illustrate successful methods, with mention of the names of men who have offered valuable suggestions or inventions, they make the worker feel his part in successful results.  They conserve the old spirit of cooeperation between the master and his apprentices.

The conditions of modern industry make it extremely difficult to conserve this feeling.  Scientific Management is successful not only because it makes possible a more effective cooeperation than has ever existed since the old “master-and-apprentice” relation died out, but also because it conserves in the Systems the interim channel for personal communication between the various members of the organization.

SYSTEMS A VALUABLE ASSISTANCE IN TRANSITION TO SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT.—­One great problem which those introducing Scientific Management have to face is exactly how to make the worker understand the relation of the new type of management to the old.  The usefulness of the written system in use in most places where it is planned to introduce Scientific Management as a means of making the worker understand the transition has, perhaps, not been appreciated.

The development of the standard from the system is easy to explain.  This being done, all parts of Scientific Management are so closely related that their interrelation can be readily made apparent.

It is the worker’s right as well as privilege to understand the management under which he works, and he only truly cooeperates, with his will and judgment as well as with his hands, when he feels that his mind is a part of the directing mind.

STANDARDIZATION UNDER SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT ELIMINATES WASTE SCIENTIFICALLY.—­Under Scientific Management the elimination of waste by the use of standards becomes a science.  Standards are no longer based on opinions, as under Traditional Management, but are based upon scientific investigation of the elements of experience.