the practical value of psychology has not been recognized.  It is well recognized that the teacher must understand the working of the mind in order best to impart his information in that way that will enable the student to grasp it most readily.  It was not recognized that every man going out into the world needs all the knowledge that he can get as to the working of the human mind in order not only to give but to receive information with the least waste and expenditure of energy, nor was it recognized that in the industrial, as well as the academic world, almost every man is a teacher.

Value of management.—­The second question demanding attention is;—­Of what value is the study of management?

The study of management has been omitted from the student’s training until comparatively recently, for a very different reason than was psychology.  It was never doubted that a knowledge of management would be of great value to anyone and everyone, and many were the queer schemes for obtaining that knowledge after graduation.  It was doubted that management could be studied otherwise than by observation and practice.[1] Few teachers, if any, believed in the existence, or possibility, of a teaching science of management.  Management was assumed by many to be an art, by even more it was thought to be a divinely bestowed gift or talent, rather than an acquired accomplishment.  It was common belief that one could learn to manage only by going out on the work and watching other managers, or by trying to manage, and not by studying about management in a class room or in a text book; that watching a good manager might help one, but no one could hope really to succeed who had not “the knack born in him.”

With the advent of “Scientific Management,” and its demonstration that the best management is founded on laws that have been determined, and can be taught, the study of management in the class room as well as on the work became possible and actual.[2]

Value of psychology of management.—­Third, we must consider the value of the study of the psychology of management.[3]

This question, like the one that precedes it, is answered by Scientific Management.  It has demonstrated that the emphasis in successful management lies on the man, not on the work; that efficiency is best secured by placing the emphasis on the man, and modifying the equipment, materials and methods to make the most of the man.  It has, further, recognized that the man’s mind is a controlling factor in his efficiency, and has, by teaching, enabled the man to make the most of his powers.[4] In order to understand this teaching element that is such a large part of management, a knowledge of psychology is imperative; and this study of psychology, as it applies to the work of the manager or the managed, is exactly what the “psychology of management” is.

Five indications of this value.—­In order to realize the importance of the psychology of management it is necessary to consider the following five points:—­