1.  William James, Psychology, Briefer Course, p. 1.
 2.  Hugo Muensterberg, American Problems, p. 34.
 3.  Mary Whiton Calkins, A First Book in Psychology, p. 1.
 4.  James Sully, Teacher’s Handbook of Psychology, p. 14.
 5.  James Sully, Teacher’s Handbook of Psychology, p. 577.
 6.  H.L.  Gantt, Work, Wages and Profits, p. 52.
 7.  F.W.  Taylor, Shop Management, p. 25. (Harper & Bros.)
 8.  F.B.  Gilbreth, Motion Study, p. 7.
 9.  L.B.  Blan, A Special Study of the Incidence of Retardation,
    p. 89.
10.  Hugo Muensterberg, American Problems, pp. 38-39.
11.  F.B.  Gilbreth, Cost Reducing System, Chap.  III.

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CHAPTER III

FUNCTIONALIZATION

DEFINITION OF FUNCTIONALIZATION.—­A function, says the Century Dictionary, is—­“The fulfilment or discharge of a set duty or requirement, exercise of a faculty or office, or power of acting, faculty,—­that power of acting in a specific way which appertains to a thing by virtue of its special constitution; that mode of action or operation which is proper to any organ, faculty, office structure, etc. (This is the most usual signification of the term).”

“Functionalization” is not given in the Century Dictionary.  The nearest to it to be found there is “Functionality,” which is defined as—­“The state of having or being a function.”  Functionalization as here used means—­the state of being divided into functions, or being functionalized.  “Functionalize” is given in the Century Dictionary, defined as “to assign some office or function to”—­the note being made that it is rare.  “Functionalize” may not be the best word that could be used in this connection, but there seems to be no other word in the English language which contains its full meaning, therefore we will use the word here in the sense of assigning work according to capacity or faculty.  A faculty means—­“A specific power, mental or physical; a special capacity for any particular kind of action or affection; natural capability.”

PSYCHOLOGICAL USE OF FUNCTIONALIZATION.—­The word “Function” is in constant use by modern psychologists, especially by those who believe that—­“Psychology is the science of the self in relation to environment,"[1] or that “Psychology is a scientific account of our mental processes."[2] Sully defines a function as “a psychologically simple process,"[3] and compares its elementariness to a muscular contraction as an element of a step in walking.

In investigating the principle of Functionalization as embodied in various forms of Management, we must note that, while Management can, and does under Scientific Management, attempt to functionalize work as far as possible, it will be impossible to come to ultimate results until a psychological study of the requirement of the work from the worker, and results of the work on the worker is made.[4]