AN UNDERLYING FLAW IS APPARENT.—­There can be no doubt that an enormous quantity of good has been done by this welfare work, both positively, to the employes themselves, and indirectly, to the management, through fostering a kinder feeling.  There is, however, a flaw to be found in the underlying principles of this welfare work as introduced in Transitory Management, and that is that it takes on more or less the aspect of a charity, and is so regarded both by the employes and by the employer.  The employer, naturally, prides himself more or less upon doing something which is good, and the employe naturally resents more or less having something given to him as a sort of charity which he feels his by right.

ITS EFFECT IS DETRIMENTAL.—­The psychological significance of this is very great.  The employer, feeling that he has bestowed a gift, is, naturally, rather chagrined to find it is received either as a right, or with a feeling of resentment.  Therefore, he is often led to decrease what he might otherwise do, for it is only an unusual and a very high type of mind that can be satisfied simply with the doing of the good act, without the return of gratitude.  On the other hand, the employe, if he be a man of pride, may resent charity even in such a general form as this, and may, with an element of rightness, prefer that the money to be expended be put into his pay envelope, instead.  If it is simply a case of better working conditions, something that improves him as an efficient worker for the management, he will feel that this welfare work is in no sense something which he receives as a gift, but rather something which is his right, and which benefits the employer exactly as much, if not more than it benefits him.

WELFARE WORK NOT SELF-PERPETUATING.—­Another fault which can be found with the actual administration of the welfare work, is the fact that it often disregards one of the fundamental principles of Scientific Management, in that the welfare workers themselves do not train enough people to follow in their footsteps, and thus make welfare self-perpetuating.

In one case which the writer has in mind, a noble woman is devoting her life to the welfare of a body of employes in an industry which greatly requires such work.  The work which she is doing is undoubtedly benefiting these people in every aspect, not only of their business but of their home lives, but it is also true that should she be obliged to give up the work, or be suddenly called away, the work would practically fall to pieces.  It is built up upon her personality, and, wonderful as it is, its basis must be recognized as unscientific and temporary.

SCIENTIFIC PROVISION FOR WELFARE UNDER SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT.—­ Under Scientific Management general welfare is provided for by:—­

The effect that the work has on physical improvement.  This we shall discuss under three headings—­

    1. the regularity of the work.
    2. habits.
    3. physical development.