1.  Charles Babbage, Economy of Manufacturers. Preface, p. v.
 2.  Halbert P. Gillette, Paper No. 1, American Society of
    Engineering Contractors.
 3.  Gillette and Dana, Cost Keeping and Management, p. 5.
 4.  F.B.  Gilbreth, Motion Study, p. 98.
 5.  F.W.  Taylor, Principles of Scientific Management, p. 144.
 6.  F.W.  Taylor, Shop Management, para. 16, Am.  Soc.  M.E., Paper
    No. 1003.
 7.  William James, Psychology, Vol.  I, p. 258.
 8.  F.B.  Gilbreth, Cost Reducing System, Chap. 1.
 9.  Morris Llewellyn Cooke, Bulletin No. 5 of the Carnegie
    Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, p. 17.
10.  F.W.  Taylor, Shop Management, para. 234, Am.  Soc.  M.E., Paper
    No. 1003.
11.  F.W.  Taylor, Principles of Scientific Management, pp. 33-38. 12.  The idea called to mind by the use of a given word.—­Ed. 13.  Henry R. Towne, Introduction to Shop Management. (Harper &
    Bros.)
14.  F.W.  Taylor, Principles of Scientific Management, p. 123. 
    (Harper & Bros.)
15.  Doubleday, Page & Co.
16.  F.W.  Taylor, Principles of Scientific Management, p. 137. 
    (Harper & Bros.)

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CHAPTER II

INDIVIDUALITY

DEFINITION OF INDIVIDUALITY.—­“An individual is a single thing, a being that is, or is regarded as, a unit.  An individual is opposed to a crowd.  Individual action is opposed to associate action.  Individual interests are opposed to common or community interests.”  These definitions give us some idea of the extent of individuality.  Individuality is a particular or distinctive characteristic of an individual; “that quality or aggregate of qualities which distinguishes one person or thing from another, idiosyncrasy.”  This indicates the content.

For our purpose, we may define the study of individuality as a consideration of the individual as a unit with special characteristics.  That it is a unit signifies that it is one of many and that it has likeness to the many.  That it has special characteristics shows that it is one of many, but different from the many.  This consideration of individuality emphasizes both the common element and the diverging characteristics.

INDIVIDUALITY AS TREATED IN THIS CHAPTER.—­The recognition of individuality is the subject of this chapter.  The utilization of this individuality in its deviation from class, is the subject of the chapter that follows, Functionalization.

INDIVIDUALITY AS CONSIDERED BY PSYCHOLOGY.—­Psychology has not always emphasized the importance of the individual as a unit for study.  Prof.  Ladd’s definition of psychology, quoted and endorsed by Prof.  James, is “the description and explanation of states of consciousness, as such."[1] “By states of consciousness,” says James, “are meant such things as sensation, desires, emotions, cognitions, reasonings, decisions, volitions, and the like.”  This puts the emphasis on such divisions of consciousness as, “attention,” “interest,” and “will.”