(a) Exhibits. (b) Working models. (c) Demonstrations by the Teacher. (d) Demonstrations by the worker under Supervision.

WORKER A SOURCE OF THESE METHODS.—­It should be often stated that, ultimately, the elements of all methods are derived from a study of workers, and that the worker should be enabled to realize this.  Only when he feels that he is a part of what is taught, and that the teachers are a means of presenting to him the underlying principles of his own experience, will the worker be able to cooeperate with all his energy.

INSTRUCTION CARDS ARE DIRECTIONS.—­Instruction Cards are direct instructions for each piece of work, giving, in most concise form, closely defined description of standard practice and directions as to how each element of the standardized task is to be performed.  The makers know that they must make their directions clear ultimately, therefore they strive constantly for clearness.

INSTRUCTION CARDS TEACH DIRECTLY AND INDIRECTLY.—­These Instruction Cards not only teach the worker directly best to do his work, but also teach him indirectly how to become a leader, demonstrator, teacher and functional foreman.  Study of them may lead to an interest in, and a study of, elements, and to preparation for becoming one of the planning department.  The excellent method of attack of the Instruction Card cannot fail to have some good effect, even upon such workers as do not consciously note it.[5]

SYSTEMS ARE REASONS AND EXPLANATIONS.—­“Systems” or standing orders are collections of detailed reasons for, and explanations of, the decisions embodied in the directions of the Instruction Cards.  There is a system showing the standard practice of each kind of work.

THEY ENLIST THE JUDGMENT OF THE WORKER.—­Under really successful management, it is realized that the worker is of an inquiring mind, and that, unless this inquiring tendency of his is recognized, and his curiosity is satisfied, he can never do his best work.  Unless the man knows why he is doing the thing, his judgment will never reenforce his work.  He may conform to the method absolutely, but his work will not enlist his zeal unless he knows just exactly why he is made to work in the particular manner prescribed.  This giving of the “why” to the worker through the system, and thus allowing his reason to follow through all the details, and his judgment to conform absolutely, should silence the objections of those who claim that the worker becomes a machine, and that he has no incentive to think at his work.  On the contrary, it will be seen that this method furnishes him with more viewpoints from which he can consider his work.

DRAWINGS, CHARTS, PLANS AND PHOTOGRAPHS MEANS OF MAKING DIRECTIONS CLEARER.—­The Instruction Cards are supplemented with drawings, charts, plans and stereoscopic and timed motion photographs,—­any or all,—­in order to make the directions of the Instruction Cards plainer.