This is perhaps the most convenient place to refer to the remarkable success recently achieved by the Flemish composer Jan Blockx, whose ‘Herbergprinses,’ originally produced at Antwerp in 1896, has been given in French as ‘Princesse d’Auberge’ in Brussels and many French towns.  The heroine is a kind of Flemish Carmen, a wicked siren named Rita, who seduces the poet Merlyn from his bride, and after dragging him to the depths of infamy and despair, dies in the end by his hand.  The music, though not without a touch of coarseness, overflows with life and energy, and one scene in particular, that of a Flemish Kermesse, is masterly in its judicious and convincing use of local colour.  Jan Blockx’s later works, ‘Thyl Uylenspiegel’ (1900), ‘De Bruid van der Zee’ (1901) and ‘De Kapelle’ (1903) do not appear to have met with equal success.  Another Belgian composer, Paul Gilson, has of late won more than local fame by his ‘Princesse Rayon de Soleil,’ produced at Brussels in 1905.

In modern times the stream of opera comique has divided into two channels.  The first, as we have seen, under the guidance of such men as Bizet, Delibes, and Massenet, has approached so near to the confines of grand opera, that it is often difficult to draw the line between the two genres The second, under the influence of Offenbach, Herve, and Lecocq, has shrunk into opera bouffe, a peculiarly Parisian product, which, though now for some reason under a cloud, has added sensibly to the gaiety of nations during the past thirty years.  The productions of this school, though scarcely coming within the scope of the present work, are by no means to be despised from the merely musical point of view, and though the recent deaths of Audran, Planquette and other acknowledged masters of the genre have left serious gaps in the ranks of comic opera writers, there seems to be no valid reason for despairing of the future of so highly civilised and entertaining a form of musical art.

CHAPTER XII

MODERN ITALY

VERDI—&
shy;BOITO—­PONCHIELLI—­PUCCINI—­MASCAGNI—­LEONCAVALLO—­GIORDANO

The death of Verdi occurred so recently that it is still possible to speak of him as representing the music of modern Italy in its noblest and most characteristic manifestation, but his life’s record stretches back to a very dim antiquity.  His first work, ’Oberto, Conte di San Bonifacio,’ was performed in 1839, when ‘Les Huguenots’ was but three years old, and ‘Der Fliegende Hollaender’ still unwritten.  It is thoroughly and completely Italian in type, and, though belonging to a past age in the matter of form, contains the germs of those qualities which were afterwards to make Verdi so popular, the rough, almost brutal energy which contrasted so strongly with the vapid sweetness of Donizetti, and the vigorous vein of melody which throughout his career never failed him.  Verdi’s