should be pruned away, and from the mainstems and large branches diseased spots can be pared off.  The operation may need a bold and vigorous hand if the trees are to be saved, and it is important that every scrap should be burned.  There is almost certain to be a further appearance of the Blight, which should be destroyed by one of the many remedies known to be effectual.  Fir Tree Oil Insecticide has proved to be an excellent remedy.  Gishurst Compound, in the proportion of eight ounces to a gallon of water, with sufficient clay added to render it adhesive, makes a capital winter paint for Apple trees.  But there is no cheap remedy equal to soft soap for smothering American Blight in the crannies of the bark.  The soap may be rubbed into the diseased spots, or as a wash it can be brushed into the boughs.

Our illustration shows a piece of Apple twig with the aphides and their woolly material natural size.  The enlarged figures represent the winged female and the wingless larva of the Apple Blight Aphis =(Schizoneura lanigera=).  The insect is deep purplish brown in colour, and the well-known bluish white cottony material naturally exudes from it.

==The Carrot Fly== (=Psila rosae=, Fab.), with its larva, pupa, and perfect insect, is illustrated natural size and enlarged.  The ochreous shining larvae live upon the tap-roots of the Carrot, and by eating into them cause them to rot.  In colour the body of the fly is an intensely dark greenish black, with a rusty ochreous head.  The presence of the larvae in the root is made known by the change in the colour of the leaves from green to yellow, and the attacked plants should be promptly forked out entire and burned.

[Illustration:  Carrot fly =Psila Rosae= (with maggot and chrysalis)]

It is well to dig the ground in autumn, so that the earth may be exposed to the frosts of winter and the pupae to the attention of birds.  After sowing, spray the Carrot bed with paraffin emulsion.  Spray again after germination, and a third time when thinning is finished.  The emulsion to be made by dissolving half a pound of soft soap in a gallon of boiling water.  While still boiling, pour the liquid into two gallons of paraffin and churn thoroughly until a buttery mass results.  This will keep for a long time in tins.  Before use, dilute with twenty times the quantity of water—­soft water if possible.  This is an excellent preventive.  After the work of thinning, the fly may also be kept off the plants by scattering over them ashes, sand, or earth, impregnated with paraffin.  Carbolic powder and soot are both disagreeable to the insect.  It has been observed that when singling the disturbance of the soil is favourable to the operations of the Carrot Fly.  A copious watering when the task is ended will firm the earth round the remaining roots, and prevent the fly from easily getting down to deposit eggs.

Carrots and Parsnips are often attacked by the larva of a Carrot Moth (=Depressaria cicutella=), which spins webs for security while feeding, and sometimes works havoc among the foliage.  A simple remedy is to shake the caterpillars from the leaves of the plants, when they can be destroyed by the use of lime.