form can possibly represent, but by a courtesy of speech, or by a distant analogy.  The moral impression of Death is essentially visionary; its reality is in the mind’s eye.  Words are here the only things; and things, physical forms, the mere mockeries of the understanding.  The less definite, the less bodily the conception, the more vast, unformed, and unsubstantial, the nearer does it approach to some resemblance of that omnipresent, lasting, universal, irresistible principle, which every where, and at some time or other, exerts its power over all things.  Death is a mighty abstraction, like Night, or Space, or Time.  He is an ugly customer, who will not be invited to supper, or to sit for his picture.  He is with us and about us, but we do not see him.  He stalks on before us, and we do not mind him:  he follows us close behind, and we do not turn to look back at him.  We do not see him making faces at us in our life-time, nor perceive him afterwards sitting in mock-majesty, a twin-skeleton, beside us, tickling our bare ribs, and staring into our hollow eye-balls!  Chaucer knew this.  He makes three riotous companions go in search of Death to kill him, they meet with an old man whom they reproach with his age, and ask why he does not die, to which he answers thus: 

      “Ne Deth, alas! ne will not han my lif. 
      Thus walke I like a restless caitiff,
      And on the ground, which is my modres gate,
      I knocke with my staf, erlich and late,
      And say to hire, “Leve mother, let me in. 
      Lo, how I vanish, flesh and blood and skin,
      Alas! when shall my bones ben at reste? 
      Mother, with you wolde I changen my cheste,
      That in my chambre longe time hath be,
      Ye, for an heren cloute to wrap in me.” 
      But yet to me she will not don that grace,
      For which ful pale and welked is my face.”

They then ask the old man where they shall find out Death to kill him, and he sends them on an errand which ends in the death of all three.  We hear no more of him, but it is Death that they have encountered!

The interval between Chaucer and Spenser is long and dreary.  There is nothing to fill up the chasm but the names of Occleve, “ancient Gower,” Lydgate, Wyatt, Surry, and Sackville.  Spenser flourished in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and was sent with Sir John Davies into Ireland, of which he has left behind him some tender recollections in his description of the bog of Allan, and a record in an ably written paper, containing observations on the state of that country and the means of improving it, which remain in full force to the present day.  Spenser died at an obscure inn in London, it is supposed in distressed circumstances.  The treatment he received from Burleigh is well known.  Spenser, as well as Chaucer, was engaged in active life; but the genius of his poetry was not active:  it is inspired by the love of ease, and relaxation from