wall of Babylon is to run counter to all the authorities on the subject, the inscriptions, the native writer, Berosus, and the classical geographers generally.  Nor is the position thus assigned to the Belus temple in harmony with the statement of Herodotus, which alone causes explorers to seek for the temple on the west side of the river.  For, though the expression which this writer uses does not necessarily mean that the temple was in the exact centre of one of the two divisions of the town, it certainly implies that it lay towards the middle of one division—­well within it—­and not upon its outskirts.  It is indeed inconceivable that the main sanctuary of the place, where the kings constantly offered their worship, should have been nine or ten miles from the palace!  The distance between the Amran mound and Babil, which is about two miles, is quite as great as probability will allow us to believe existed between the old residence of the kings and the sacred shrine to which they were in the constant habit of resorting.

Still there remain as objections to the identification of the great temple with the Babil mound the two arguments already noticed.  The Babil mound has no appearance of stages such as the Birs presents, nor has it even a pyramidical shape.  It is a huge platform with a nearly level top, and sinks, rather than rises, in the centre.  What has become, it is asked, of the seven upper stages of the great Belus tower, if this ruin represents it?  Whither have they vanished?  How is it that in crumbling down they have not left something like a heap towards the middle?  To this it may be replied that the destruction of the Belus tower has not been the mere work of the elements—­it was violently broken down either by Xerxes, or by some later king, who may have completely removed all the upper stages.  Again, it has served as a quarry to the hunters after bricks for more than twenty centuries; so that it is only surprising that it still retains so much of its original shape.  Further, when Alexander entered Babylon more than 2000 years ago 10,000 men were employed for several weeks in clearing away the rubbish and laying bare the foundations of the building.  It is quite possible that a conical mass of crumbled brick may have been removed from the top of the mound at this time.

The difficulty remains that the Babil mound is on the same side of the Euphrates with the ruins of the Great Palace, whereas Herodotus makes the two buildings balance each other, one on the right and the other on the left bank of the stream.  Now here it is in the first place to be observed that Herodotus is the only writer who does this.  No other ancient author tells us anything of the relative situation of the two buildings.  We have thus nothing to explain but the bald statement of a single writer—­a writer no doubt of great authority, but still one not wholly infallible.  We might say, then, that Herodotus probably made a mistake—­that his memory