upon the ’True Order of Studies.’
In the outset of his first essay, (which appeared in
March, 1859,) Dr. Hill takes it ’for granted
[postulating, we think, a pretty large ground, and
one that analysis and proof would better have befitted]
that there is a rational order of development in the
course of the sciences, and that it ought to be followed
in common education.’ The order he finds
is that of five great studies, Mathesis, [mathematics;]
Physics, or Natural History; History; Psychology; and
Theology. ’We also take it for granted,’
he continues, ’that there is a natural order
of development in the human powers, and that studies
should be so arranged as to develop the powers in
this order.’ Here two very difficult problems
are undertaken—the hierarchy of the sciences,
and the analysis of the intellect—and though
we seem to find in the elucidation of the subject
traces of that ‘harmony of results of the two
lines of inquiry,’ on which the author relies
as one source of confirmation of the results themselves,
yet we can not admit that the solutions given us remove
all, nor even all the main difficulties of the case.
While we regard the mathematics, physics, psychology,
and theology as quite well individualized and distinct
lines of scientific research, we can not help feeling
that the day has hardly come for embracing physiology
under either physics or psychology; the forming of
the bile and the growing and waste of brain are yet,
to our apprehension, too far removed from the gravitation
of planets or the oxidation of phosphorus, on the
one hand, as they are from the scintillations of wit
or the severe march of reason on the other, for ready
affiliation with either. We question decidedly
whether Theology proper can, at the most, be more than
a very restricted subject; and quite as decidedly
whether the heterogeneous matters grouped under History,
namely, Agriculture, Trade, Manufactures, the Fine
Arts, Language, Education, Politics, and Political
Economy, are or can be shown to be linked by any principle
of essential unity. Most of these have their
historical side; but their unhistorical and scientific
side most interests the great body of learners.
And this latter aspect of some of them, Education
and Politics especially, belongs after, not before
Psychology. Then, the great fact of expression—Language—has
not adequate justice done it by the position it is
here placed in. Want of space is the least among
our reasons for forbearing to attempt here a classification
of the sciences—a work which Ramus, D’Alembert,
Stewart, Bentham, and Ampere successively essayed
and left unfinished. But the principle that the
faculties in their order are called out by the branches
named in their order, is quite given up as the writer
proceeds, and distinctly so in his Tabular View of
the studies adapted to successive ages. In actual
life, usually the first set teaching the infant receives
is in language; and even though it previously is and