the plains of Pangasinan and Nueva Ecija.  Under this general name there are various subgroup designations, such as the Gaddans, Dadayags, or Mayoyao.  Another branch of the Igorot tribe is the Kalinga, along the Cagayan river, near Ilagan, in the province of Isabela.  To the westward, in the sub-province of Bontoc, is another branch of the Igorot people, who are said to be the most famous of the head-hunters.  Another branch is the Tinguian, inhabiting the provinces of Nueva Ecija, Ilocos Sur, Lepanto-Bontoc, and Abra.”

[57] See Sawyer, ut supra, p. 263.  The spear described is probably the say-aug.  The sharp-pointed stakes are of bamboo, and are called sayac or dayac.

[58] That is, the bones of the animals that they had killed for their feasts, and which they hung up in their houses as ornaments and display.

[59] See Becker’s account of the gold-producing districts in Luzon, their geological conditions, and the native methods of mining (Twenty-first Annual Report of U.S.  Geological Survey, part iii, pp. 576-580).  He states that the Igorrotes have always refused, even to the present day, to allow any outsiders, of any race, to visit the quartz mines in their country.

[60] “Roasted and powdered copper pyrites added to ores of silver when reduced to the state of a magma [i.e., a thin paste], in order to reduce the horn silver; formerly so called at the Spanish mines of Mexico and South America” (Webster’s Dictionary).

“The magistral is a mixture of pyritous copper and sulphuretted salt, roasted for some hours in a reverberating oven, and slowly cooled” (Humboldt’s New Spain, Black’s trans., iii, p. 260).

[61] Spanish, greta, an old word used for almartaga; oxide of lead in the form of small scales, and lustrous; commonly called “litharge of silver,” or “of gold,” as it resembles those metals.

[62] Also written temesquitato; a Mexican word, applied to the dross from the surface of lead into which pulverized silver ore is introduced.

[63] See Humboldt’s account of the mining methods and processes in vogue in Nueva Espana, in his New Spain (Black’s trans.), iii, pp. 231-280.

Various laws and ordinances concerning the discovery and operation of mines in the Spanish colonies may be found in Recopilacion de leyes. mainly in lib. iv, tit. xix, xx, and lib. viii, tit. xi.

[64] The first figure refers to the number of onzas loss of quicksilver, and the second to the number of the assay.  Thus ten onzas of quicksilver were lost in the second assay.