[20] Huerta’s lists contain no one of this name; but he gives a sketch of Alonso de Santa Ana, missionary in the Philippines from 1594 until his death in 1630.  This priest, however, was absent in Mexico and Europe from 1617 until 1621, when he returned to Manila.

[21] Diego Fernandez de Cordoba, marques de Guadalcazar, was viceroy from 1612 to 1620.  The Audiencia of Mexico then assumed rule, which lasted until the arrival (August, 1621) of the new viceroy, Diego Carrillo de Mendoza y Pimentel, marques de Gelves.  He was a just, stern, and efficient ruler, who reformed many abuses and protected the poor and the Indians; but he thus incurred the enmity of corrupt men in high position, and even that of the archbishop, Juan Perez de la Serna.  In consequence, Gelves was excommunicated by Serna (January, 1624), and soon afterward deposed by popular clamor and riots; the Audiencia then governed until the following October, when a new viceroy came, the marques de Cerralvo.  By his efforts, Gelves was vindicated in every respect, and honorably returned to Spain.

[22] Bancroft (History of Mexico, iii, pp. 28, 38) characterizes the viceroy Guadalcazar as a weak and somewhat indolent ruler, in whose term corruption flourished; but of Gelves he says:  “He broke up effectually the trade in contraband goods between Acapulco and Peru....  He removed the royal officials having charge of the supplies for the Philippines, putting clean-handed men in their places; and in consequence the amount of supplies sent to that colony was greater than ever before.... [Note:] In 1622 the value of these supplies was nine hundred thousand dollars, and in the following year two-thirds of that amount.”

[23] Alluding to the death, by Fajardo’s own hand, of his unfaithful wife and her lover; see the first two documents of the present volume.

[24] Celebes was long almost unknown to Europeans, and its deep indentations by gulfs led to the notion, long entertained, that it was a group of islands, rather than one.  It has an estimated area of some 57,000 square miles, but its soil is generally poor, and its population thin and scanty.  The two leading and more civilized people of Celebes are the Macassars and Bugis, who inhabit its southwestern peninsula.  The Macassar nation (in their own language, Mangkasara) conquered the Bugis in the sixteenth century, and became converts to Mahometanism early in the seventeenth.  They were conquered by the Dutch in 1669, and the latter nation has since then been nominal ruler of Celebes Island.  By the name Macassar is commonly meant the Dutch fortified town of Rotterdam, on the western shore of the peninsula above mentioned; the Dutch made it a free port in 1847.  See the full descriptive and historical account of Celebes by Valentyn, Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indien, part iii, book ii, pp. 128-235.

[25] Pernambuco, one of the most important of the Portuguese colonies in Brazil, was founded early in the sixteenth century.  It was captured and plundered in 1593 by the English, under Sir James Lancaster, and again seized by the Dutch in 1630; but the Portuguese drove out the Dutch in 1654, after which time Brazil remained in possession of Portugal, until the peaceful revolution of that colony, and the formation of the present republic.